GIFT   OF 
.K  .L  .Leupp 


IE  RECRUITMENT  OF  OFFICERS  IN  TIME  GF  PEACE 
IN  THE  PRINCIPAL  ARMIES  OF  EUROPE 


PREPARED  BY  THE  WAR  COLLEGE  DIVISION,  GENERAL  STAFF  CORPS 

AS   A    SUPPLEMENT    TO    THE    STATEMENT    OF    A    PROPER   MILITARY 

POLICY  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES 


WCD  9278-1 


ARMY  WAR  COLLEGE  :  WASHINGTON 

NOVEMBER,   1915 


529 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1916 


TV 

WAR  DEPARTMENT, 

Document  No.  529. 

Office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I.  ACTIVE  ARMY. 

Page. 

1.  Germany 5 

2.  France 1 6 

3.  Austria-Hungary 7 

4.  Italy 8 

5.  Russia 9 

6.  Great  Britain 10 

II.  RECRUITMENT  OF  RESERVE  OFFICERS. 

7.  Germany 12 

8.  France -. 13 

9.  Austria-Hungary 13 

10.  Italy 14 

11.  Russia 15 

12.  Great  Britain 16 

III.  MILITARY  SCHOOLS. 

13.  Germany 20 

14.  France 23 

15.  Austria-Hungary 24 

16.  Italy 24 

17 .  Russia 25 

18.  Great  Britain 25 

IV.  CONCLUSIONS. 

19.  Comparison 30 

20.  Remedy  and  recommendation 31 

21.  Reserve  officers'  training  corps 31 

Object 31 

Output 31 

Composition 32 

Instruction 33 

Camps 33 

Control  of  instruction 34 

Conditions  of  service 34 

Advantages  of  the  system 36 

Comparison  with  the  English  officers'  training  corps 37 

Officers'  reserve  corps  (Appendix  A) 38 

Reserve  officers'  training  corps  (Appendix  B) 40 

Bibliography  (Appendix  C) 43 

629  (3) 


G67386 


RECRUITMENT  OF  OFFICERS  IN  TIME  OF  PEACE. 


I.   ACTIVE  ARMY. 
1.  GERMANY. 

In  the  active  army. — In  time  of  peace  officers  are  obtained  princi- 
pally from  two  sources: 

1.  From  the  corps  of  cadets. 

2.  From  young  men  of  education  and  culture  who  enter  the  army 
as  Fahnen junkers  (ensigns). 

Appointment  as  a  commissioned  officer  must  be  preceded  by  ap- 
pointment as  Fahnrich  (ensign).  Appointment  as  Fahnrich  is  con- 
ditional upon: 

(a)  The  age  limits  within  which  persons  may  be  appointed  en- 
signs are  17£  and  23. 

(b)  Educational    qualifications:  Diploma    from    a    Gymnasium, 
Real  Gymnasium,  Ober  Realschule,  corps  of  cadets,  or  passing  the 
Fahnrich  examination. 

(c)  Certificate  of  conduct,  adaptability,  and  proficiency  after  at 
least  six  months'  service  with  troops. 

Appointment  as  commissioned  officer  is  conditional  upon: 
(a)  Attendance  at  a  "  war  school "  (in  exceptional  cases  this  may 
be  dispensed  with ;  for  instance,  where  a  candidate  has  studied  several 
terms  at  a  higher  educational  institution). 

(&)  Passing  the  "officers'  examination"  at  a  "war  school"  or  as 
a  member  of  the  Selekta  (a  selektaner;  see  military  schools  of  Ger- 
many). 

(c)  A  favorable  indorsement  or  certificate  from  the  troop  unit  to 
which  attached. 

(d)  Election  by  officers  of  the  regiment. 

The  election  of  new  officers  by  the  corps  of  officers  was  introduced 
in  the  Prussian  Army  in  1808.  Through  it  the  aristocratic  character 
of  the  German  Army  is  maintained.  For  conspicuous  bravery  or 
conduct  on  the  field  of  battle  recommendations  for  a  commission  may 
be  made.  But  here,  also,  such  a  recommendation  must  be  preceded 
by  a  vote  of  the  officers  of  the  regiment. 

Officers  on  the  active  list  who  on  account  of  age  or  disability  are 
required  to  leave  the  service  are  entitled  to  a  pension,  depending 
in  amount  on  rank,  length  of  service,  character  of  disability.  Offi- 

529  (5) 


6 

cers  on  the  reserve  and  Landwehr,  upon  reaching  the  required  statu- 
tory age,  pass  to  the  Landwehr  or  Landsturm^  respectively,  if  they 
do  not  desire  to  continue  in  the  reserve  of  the  Landwehr.  Should 
they  become  disabled  in  the  line  of  duty  they  are  entitled  to  the  same 
pensions  as  officers  of  the  active  army. 

The  officer  aspirant  must  be  at  least  23  years  of  age,  must  be  un- 
married, a  German  by  birth,  and  be  physically  qualified  for  service. 
Each  candidate  should  have  a  diploma  from  a  certain  type  of  insti- 
tution, and  should  have  served  a  period  of  one  year  in  the  Army. 
In  place  of  the  examination  which  is  given  to  the  cadet  when  he 
leaves  a  cadet  school,  the  officer  aspirant  must  qualify  in  the  fol- 
lowing : 

German  language  and  literature;  in  three  other  languages  chosen 
from  the  following  :  Latin,  Greek,  French,  English,  or  Russian  ;  his- 
tory, geography,  and  mathematics  are  obligatory.  In  case  he  is  a 
graduate  of  one  of  the  higher  Royal  schools  one  of  the  languages  is 
replaced  by  physics  and  chemistry.  There  are  certain  other  require- 
ments which  are  elective,  such  as  map  reading  and  topographical 
sketching. 

Having  passed  these  tests  he  is  then  required  to  enter  the  army  for 
six  months'  service  as  a  temporary  officer,  at  the  end  of  which  time 
he  is  sent  to  one  of  the  "war  schools,"  and  upon  graduation  from 
this  last  institution  may  become  an  officer.  The  cadet  schools,  how- 
ever, furnish  about  one-third  of  all  the  officers  in  the  German  service. 


Officers  are  recruited  from  three  principal  sources  :  the  great  mili- 
tary schools,  schools  for  noncommissioned  officers,  and  from  selected 
warrant  officers  of  at  least  10  years'  service  as  noncommissioned 
officers.  The  proportion  from  the  last  class  is  about  one-fifth  of  the 
promotions  to  the  grade  of  sublieutenant. 

Commissions  in  the  French  Army  are  obtained  by  passing  through 
one  of  the  military  schools,  either  with  or  without  previous  service 
in  the  ranks. 

Young  men  who  desire  a  commission  without  going  through  the 
ranks  must,  in  the  first  instance,  pass  through  the  Ecole  Speciale  at 
St.  Cyr,  for  the  infantry  and  cavalry,  or  the  Ecole  P  oly  technique 
for  the  artillery  and  engineers. 

After  passing  successfully  out  of  St.  Cyr  the  young  infantry  offi- 
cers pass  direct  to  their  regiments. 

Cavalry  candidates  have  to  complete  a  course  of  instruction  at  the 
"^^  Ecole  d?  Application,  at  Saumur,  and  artillery  and  engineer  candi- 
dates, after  passing  out  of  the  Ecole  Poly  technique,  a  course  at  the 
similar  establishment  at  Fontainebleau. 

529 


Admission  to  the  Ecole  Speciale,  at  St.  Cyr,  is  by  competitive  ex- 
amination, the  age  limits  being  between  18  and  21.  The  students 
form  a  battalion  of  6  companies.  The  conrse_lasts_  2  ye_ars,  and  the 
number  of  competitors  is  always  large. 

The  Ecole  Poly  technique,  in  addition  to  the  training  of  artillery 
and  engineer  candidates,  supplies  young  men  for  the  naval  and 
state  engineering  departments,  telegraphs,  state  factories,  etc.  Ad- 
mission is  by  competitive  examination,  and  the  age  limit  as  for  St. 
Cyr  (with  certain  exceptions  in  favor  of  soldiers).  The  course  lasts 
two  years.  The  Ecole  d?  Application,  at  Saumur,  completes  the  edu- 
cation of  young  cavalry  officers  from  St.  Cyr,  and  the  Ecole  d' Ap- 
plication, at  Fontainbleau,  that  of  the  young  officers  of  artillery  and 
engineers  going  from  the  Polytechnique.  The  course  at  the  former 
establishment  last  11  months,  at  the  latter  two  years. 

The  Ecole  Militaire,  at  St.  Maixent,  completes  the  military  instruc- 
tion of  "sous-officers"  of  the  infantry  and  cavalry,  who,  in  peace 
time,  only  receive  commissions  after  passing  the  course  with  credit. 
Candidates  must  have  at  least  two  years'  service  in  the  rank  of 
u sous-officer"  before  being  allowed  to  compete,  and  they  have  also 
to  pass  a  preliminary  examination  at  their  regimental  schools.  Ad- 
mission to  the  school  is  by  competition,  and  the  course  lasts  one  year. 
Those  who  pass  through  it  successfully  are  appointed  sublieutenants. 

The  Ecole  Militaire  at  Versailles  for  noncommissioned  officers  of 
artillery  and  engineers  is  organized  on  similar  lines. 

3.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Officers  for  the  Imperial  Austro-Hungarian  Army  are  recruited 
from  two  distinct  sources — from  the  military  schools  and  from  the 
cadet  corps.  The  schools  or  military  academies — for  so  they  might 
be  called — are  two  in  number,  one  at  Neustadt,  outside  of  Vienna, 
and  the  other  in  Vienna  itself.  The  first  provides  officers  for  the  in- 
fantry, cavalry,  and  pioneers,  and  the  technical  academy  at  Vienna 
for  artillery  and  other  engineer  officers.  The  candidates  for  admis- 
sion to  these  institutions  must  be  between  the  ages  of  18  and  21,  and, 
after  having  undergone  the  course  of  instruction,  are  named  by  the 
Emperor  to  the  position  of  lieutenant  and  assigned  by  the  Minister  of 
War  in  accordance  with  the  needs  of  the  service,  although  a  choice  is 
given  them  of  the  arm  in  which  they  desire  to  serve.  The  cadet  schools 
are  not  exactly  analogous  to  any  of  the  schools  heretofore  mentioned, 
but  are  rather  elementary  in  their  nature.  They  take,  as  a  rule, 
young  men  from  14  to  18  years  of  age.  These  young  men  do  not 
necessarily  belong  to  the  army,  but  a  part  of  the  vacancies  are  saved 
for  a  certain  number  of  young  men  who  are  already  serving  volun- 
tarily in  the  army  who  complete  a  period  of  from  six  months  to  one 

529 


8 

year.  The  duration  of  a  course  at  this  school  is  four  years,  but  the 
two  first  are  devoted  solely  to  perfecting  the  student  in  the  line  of  a 
general  education,  and  the  last  two  solely  to  studies  which  are  pro- 
fessional and  military. 

The  cadet  schools  are  18  in  number.  There  are  15  infantry  schools, 
one  cavalry  school,  one  artillery  school,  and  one  for  pioneers.  Those 
graduates  who  have  completed  satisfactorily  the  course  are  assigned 
throughout  the  service  where  vacancies  exist.  Those  who  have  for- 
merly served  are,  upon  their  reentrance  into  service,  assigned  to  the 
corps  in  which  they  originally  served.  They  take  rank  among  all 
other  cadets  throughout  the  army,  seniority  being  determined  by  the 
rank  upon  leaving  the  school.  All  cadets,  of  whatever  school,  are 
placed  upon  a  single  list  according  to  the  arm  and  are  drawn  in 
accordance  with  the  vacancies  by  seniority.  During  the  time  in 
which  they  are  serving  as  a  cadet  officer  they  are  exercising  the 
functions  of  an  officer  but  without  rank.  It  is  during  this  period  that 
they  are  passed  upon  by  their  regimental  commanders  and  by  the 
officers  of  the  regiment,  recommendation  from  whom  is  necessary 
before  the  cadet  receives  his  final  commission.  Generally  speaking, 
about  five-sixths  of  the  infantry  and  cavalry,  and  about  four-sixths 
of  the  special  arms,  come  from  the  cadet  schools, 

4.  ITALY. 

The  law  governing  the  recruitment  of  officers  in  the  Italian  Army 
has  been  in  force  since  1832,  and  few,  if  any,  changes  have  been  made. 
With  no  exceptions  all  officers  must  pass  through  the  royal  academy 
at  Turin  and  the  royal  military  school  at  Modena.  The  law  requires 
that  no  one  shall  be  promoted  a  sublieutenant  who  has  not  reached 
the  age  of  18  years  unless  he  has  served  two  years  as  a  noncommis- 
sioned officer  in  the  active  army  and  has  established  to  the  satis- 
faction of  all  concerned  his  qualifications  for  this  position.  One- 
third  of  all  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  sublieutenant  are  reserved  for 
noncommissioned  officers ;  the  two  other  thirds  are  left  to  the  gradu- 
ates of  the  military  establishments.  The  royal  military  academy  at 
Turin  furnishes  all  the  officers  for  the  artillery  and  engineers,  while 
the  royal  military  academy  at  Modena  furnishes  those  for  the  infan- 
try and  cavalry.  In  addition,  there  are  a  number  of  schools  of  ap- 
plication, mainly  for  artillery  and  cavalry.  These  cadet  schools  are 
open  to  all  native-born  Italians  between  the  ages  of  15  and  20,  but 
the  age  limit  can  be  extended  to  23  in  case  the  applicant  has  served 
with  the  colors.  The  duration  of  the  course  in  the  two  first-men- 
tioned establishments  is  three  years;  sublieutenants  of  the  special 
arms,  on  leaving  the  academy,  must  pass  two  more  years  in  a  second 
school,  namely,  the  school  of  application,  also  at  Turin,  and  upon 


9 

graduation  from  this  institution  they  are  named  lieutenants.  The 
sublieutenants  of  cavalry  are  sent  to  the  cavalry  school  at  Modena 
for  one  year  more  to  finish  their  professional  instruction.  The  sub- 
lieutenants of  infantry  alone  are  sent  directly  to  their  corps  without 
any  further  instruction. 

The  noncommissioned  officers  who  are  named  have  no  opportunity 
of  undergoing  such  a  course  as  is  laid  down  for  the  sublieutenants 
of  the  special  arms,  but  pass  directly  into  the  grade  of  sublieutenant, 
after  examination,  as  do  the  sublieutenants  of  infantry  on  leaving  the 
military  academy.  It  has  been  found  that  all  of  these  various  cata- 
gories  reach  their  lieutenancies  in  practically  the  same  time,  but  the 
noncommissioned  officer,  owing  to  his  age,  as  well  as  for  other  reasons, 
seldom  passes  the  grade  of  captain,  although  a  few  attain  the  grade 
of  major. 

5.  RUSSIA. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  military  profession  is  the  most  im- 
portant one  in  all  Eussia,  the  number  of  applicants  for  entrance 
into  the  corps  of  officers  is  very  large,  and  considerable  care  must 
be  taken  in  the  selection  of  the  material  which  applies  for  com- 
missions. Before  the  war  the  corps  of  officers  was  recruited  from 
the  following  sources: 

1.  The  corps  of  pages  of  the  Emperor. 

2.  The  military  schools. 

3.  From  military  academies  for  those  young  men  of  superior  edu- 
cation who  desired  to  perfect  themselves  after  service  of  one  year 
with  the  colors. 

4.  From  noncommissioned  officers   appointed   directly   from  the 
ranks. 

Preparatory  schools. — School  of  Pages  at  Petrograd.  Sons  of 
high  dignitaries  of  the  court.  Nine  years  of  instruction,  of  which 
seven  are  devoted  to  general  education  and  the  last  two  to  military 
instruction. 

Cadet  schools. — Sons  of  officers  and  dignitaries  of  court,  from  10 
to  18  years  of  age.  Since  1909,  by  paying  certain  fees  at  designated 
schools,  the  sons  of  merchants  and  of  other  civilians  may  attend. 

Seven  years  of  instruction.  The  organization  is  military,  but 
instruction  is  under  civil  professors. 

There  are  four  of  these  schools  at  Petrograd,  three  at  Moscow,  one 
at  Orel,  at  Voronege,  at  Novi  Novgorod,  at  Polotsk,  at  Pskov,  at 
Poltava,  at  Soumy,  at  Kiev,  at  Jaroslow,  at  Warsaw,  at  Symbirsk, 
at  Odessa,  at  Omsk,  at  Tiflis,  at  Novotchevkask,  at  Khaborovsk.  two 
at  Orenburg,  one  at  Taskhevt,  at  Vladikavkas,  at  Valsk,  and  at 
Irkontsk— 29  in  all. 

Military  schools. — Pages  of  the  Emperor. 
30669°— No.  52&— 16 2 


10 

The  upper  class  at  the  School  of  Pages  is  admitted  by  examination, 
and  the  course  covers  two  years  of  military  studies.  A  classifica- 
tion is  made  at  end  of  course  into  four  categories : 

1.  Graduates  who  are  nominated  sublieutenants  in  the  guard  (with 
rank  of  lieutenant). 

2.  By  nomination  to  line  of  the  army  with  commission  antedated 
by  one  year. 

3.  Nominated  sublieutenants  at  date  of  graduation. 

4.  Assigned  as  noncommissioned  officers  in  a  corps  for  six  months' 
service. 

Military  academies. — Entrance  by  examination.  Minimum  age,  16 
years.  Young  men  coming  from  secondary  civil  schools  or  from 
cadet  schools,  who  must  show  a  certificate  of  proficiency. 

For  infantry  officers. — There  are  12  schools,  the  course  being  two 
years. 

For  cavalry  officers. — There  are  three  schools,  the  course  being 
two  years. 

For  artillery  officers. — There  are  two  schools,  the  course  being  three 
years. 

For  Cossacks. — There  are  two  schools. 

For  engineers. — There  is  one  school  at  Petrograd,  with  a  course  of 
three  years. 

The  graduates  of  infantry  and  cavalry  can,  upon  leaving  their 
special  schools,  continue  for  a  third  year  in  the  artillery  and 
engineer  school,  and  thus  enter  these  arms. 

6.  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  commissions  in  the  regular  army  are  given  to  the  following 
persons : 

A  commission  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  cavalry  or  infantry  may 
be  given — 

To  a  cadet  who  has  passed  through  a  course  of  instruction  at  the 
Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  or  to  a  cadet  of  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Kingston,  Canada. 

To  an  officer  of  the  special  reserve  of  officers,  militia,  or  territorial 
force,  to  an  officer  of  the  local  military  forces  of  the  colonies,  or  to 
a  second  lieutenant  or  a  lieutenant  of  the  Royal  Malta  Artillery. 

To  a  candidate  from  a  university. 

To  a  warrant  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer. 

IiV  the  case  of  an  appointment  as  second  lieutenant  of  a  regiment 
of  the  Household  Cavalry,  the  nomination  for  the  approval  of  a 
qualified  candidate  shall  be  vested  in  the  colonel  in  chief  of  the 
brigade. 

529 


11 

In  the  case  of  an  appointment  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  Foot 
Guards,  the  colonel  of  the  regiment  concerned  shall  nominate  for 
approval  a  candidate  qualified  under  this  article. 

A  commission  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Artillery  may  be 
given — 

To  a  cadet  who  has  passed  through  a  course  of  instruction  at  the 
Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  or  to  a  cadet  of  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary College,  Kingston,  Canada. 

To  an  artillery  officer  of  the  special  reserve  of  officers,  militia,  or 
territorial  force. 

To  an  officer  of  the  local  military  forces  of  the  colonies. 

To  a  candidate  from  a  university. 

To  a  warrant  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer. 

A  commission  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Engineers  may  be 
given — 

To  a  cadet  who  has  passed  through  a  course  of  instruction  at  the 
Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  or  to  a  cadet  of  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary College,  Kingston,  Canada. 

To  a  warrant  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer. 

A  commission  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  army  service  corps  may 
be  given — 

To  a  qualified  officer  of  the  regular  army,  of  the  royal  marines, 
with  not  less  than  one  year's  commissioned  service. 

To  a  cadet  who  has  passed  through  a  course  of  instruction  at  the 
Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  or  to  a  cadet  of  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Kingston,  Canada. 

To  an  officer  of  the  special  reserve  of  officers,  militia,  or  territorial 
force. 

To  an  officer  of  the  local  military  forces  of  the  colonies. 

To  a  candidate  from  a  university. 

By  open  competition. 

To  a  warrant  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer. 

Before  final  appointment  to  the  army  reserve  corps,  all  candidates 
shall  be  required  to  pass  a  probationary  period  of  one  year  from  the 

date  of  joining.  When  it  is  desirable  in  the  interests  of  the  service, 
the  probationary  period  may  be  terminated  earlier. 

A  commission  as  second  lieutenant  on  the  unattached  list  of  candi- 
dates for  appointment  to  the  Indian  Army  may  be  given  to  a  cadet 
who  has  passed  through  a  course  of  instruction  at  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Sandhurst,  or  to  a  cadet  of  the  Royal  Military  College, 
Kingston,  Canada,  or  to  a  duly  qualified  candidate  from  a  university. 

A  commission  as  director  of  music  in  the  army  may  be  given  to  a 
bandmaster  of  specially  meritorious  service  and  not  over  55  years 
of  age. 

529 


12 

A  commission  as  lieutenant  in  the  cavalry,  the  infantry,  or  the 
army  service  corps,  may  be  given  to  a  quartermaster  or  ridingmaster 
not  over  32  years  of  age. 

A  commission  as  lieutenant  on  the  list  of  district  officers  of  the 
Royal  Artillery,  or  in  the  coast  battalion  of  the  Royal  Engineers, 
may  be  given  to  a  quartermaster  or  a  ridingmaster,  or  to  a  warrant 
officer  or  noncommissioned  officer  of  the  Royal  Artillery  or  Royal 
Engineers,  not  over  40  years  of  age.  The  above  limit  of  age  may  be 
extended  in  a  case  of  promotion  for  service  in  the  field. 

A  commission  as  quartermaster  or  ridingmaster  may  be  given  to 
an  officer,  a  warrant  officer,  or  a  noncommissioned  officer,  not  over 
40  years  of  age. 

The  above  limit  of  age  may  be  extended  in  the  following  cases: 

(a)  If  promoted  for  service  in  the  field. 

(b)  If  selected  for  an  extra  regimental  appointment  in  the  army, 
not  being  a  departmental  appointment,  or  if  promoted  before  at- 
taining the  age  of  40  to  the  rank  of  quartermaster-corporal-major, 
or  quartermaster-sergeant,  or  to  an  appointment  which  carries  with 
it  the  rank  of  warrant  officer;  in  which  case  the  limit  of  age  may  be 
extended  to  45. 

.   RECRUITMENT  OF  RESERVE  OFFICERS. 
7.  GERMANY. 

Officers  of  the  reserve  are  recruited  from — 

1.  Officers  of  the  active  army  who  have  been  furloughed  after  18 
years'  service. 

2.  Officers  who  leave  the  service  before  the  completion  of  that 
period. 

(a)  Officers  who  have  not  finished  18  years'  service  are  assigned 
with  their  actual  rank  and  in  accordance  with  their  age  to  the 
reserve  and  landwehr. 

(b)  Officers  after  18  years'  service  are  classed  as  being  "at  dis- 
posal," and  if  they  are  capable  of  being  utilized  are  often  employed 
with  higher  rank. 

(c)  Those  officers  whose  age  and  health  do  not  permit  them  to  be 
placed  "  at  disposal "  are  sent  to  depots  for  duty. 

3.  From  former  one-year  volunteers  who  fulfill  certain  conditions. 
Prerequisites  to  such  an  appointment  from  this  last-named  class 

are — 

'(a)  Participation  in  two  courses  of  practical  exercises  of  eight 
weeks'  duration  each,  as  a  rule,  during  the  two  years  next  following 
their  discharge  from  service.  The  first  of  these  periods  the  aspirant 
performs  the  duties  of  a  noncommissioned  officer  and  the  second 
period  as  an  officer. 

629 


13 

(b)  Election.  In  peace  time  by  the  corps  of  officers  of  the  land- 
wehr  district.  Officers  who  are  "  f  urloughed  "  may  be  required,  if 
reserve  officers,  to  attend  on  three  separate  occasions  exercises  lasting 
from  four  to  eight  weeks  each.  As  a  matter  of  principle  they  are 
attached,  in  event  of  mobilization,  to  the  organization  to  whose 
reserve  they  belong.  A  reserve  officer  advances  to  a  higher  grade 
pari  passu  with  the  regimental  officer  of  the  line  next  below  him. 

Officers  who  are  "  furloughed "  may  be  required  as  landwehr 
officers  to  attend  exercises  especially  ordered  for  the  landwehr,  or  if 
they  wish,  to  duty  with  troops  of  the  active  army.  They  are  assigned 
either  to  troops  of  the  landwehr  or  line. 

8.  FRANCE. 

Officers  of  the  reserve  consist  of — 

1.  Officers  of  the  active  army  who  have  retired  under  certain  con- 
ditions. 

2.  Students  of  the  polytechnic,  forestry  and  other  schools  where  a 
certain  amount  of  military  instruction  is  required.    These  men  pass 
an  examination  and  are  then  attached  to  regiments  as  reserve  officers 
for  one  year. 

3.  Certain  noncommissioned  officers  of  the  reserve. 

As  a   general  rule  the  above-mentioned  categories  retain  their 

appointments   (promotions  being  allowed  to  include  the  grade  of 

captain)  as  long  as  the  class  to  which  they  would  belong  remains  in 

the  reserve  of  the  regular  army.    They  then  pass  into  the  territorial 

\drmy  with  same  rank. 

Subalterns  of  the  reserve  may  be  promoted  to  be  captains  after 
certain  periods  of  service  in  the  lower  grades. 

Captains  of  the  reserve  who  have  previously  served  as  captains 
are  eligible  under  conditions  to  a  majority. 

Sublieutenants  in  the  reserve  are  eligible  for  promotion  to  lieuten- 
ancies in  the  territorial  army,  and  captains  of  reserve  to  majors  in 
the  territorial  army. 

Officers  of  both  reserve  and  territorial  armies,  at  their  request, 
may  be  retained  after  expiration  of  legal  term  of  service,  but  field 
officers  may  be  retired  at  65  and  others  at  60  years  of  age. 

9.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

The  reserve  officers  necessary  to  complete  the  units  of  the  common 
army  upon  mobilization  are  provided  by: 

1.  Using  all  officers  who  are  furloughed  from  the  service.  Each 
officer  who  has  finished  three  years  in  the  active  army  is  permitted 
to  pass  into  the  reserve  and  remain  there  until  60  years  of  age,  pro- 
vided he  engages  to  serve  in  case  of  war. 

529 


14 

2.  By  the  promotion  to  the  grade  of  lieutenant  of  former  cadets  or 
volunteers  who  engaged  under  obligation  to  become  reserve  officers 
after  a  year's  service. 

These  officers  are  very  numerous,  and  the  needs  of  mobilization 
are  amply  provided  for. 

Officers  of  the  landwehr  or  honved  are  supplied  as  follows : 

1.  By  transfer  to  the  landwehr  (or  honved  according  to  nation- 
ality) ,  upon  request,  of  officers  who  have  served  10  years  in  the  army 
or  reserve. 

2.  By  nominating  to  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant  young  men, 
able  to  pass  the  recruiting  requirements,  who  pass  through  special 
schools  for  instruction  of  officers  of  the  landwehr  or  honved. 

3.  By  promotions  in  the  landwehr  or  honved  to  the  several  grades 
of  officers,  made  in  conformity  with  regulations  governing  promo- 
tion in  the  active  army. 

These  last  promotions  are  governed  by  conditions  sufficiently  rig- 
orous, and  it  is  impossible  to  reach  the  higher  grades  without  having 
served  in  the  active  army  as  a  subaltern. 

In  Hungary  the  conditions  far  entrance  to  the  honved  have  been 
carefully  and  conscientiously  watched,  so  that  this  force  has  at- 
tained practically  the  standard  of  a  semipermanent  force.  The  same 
can  be  said  of  the  forces  in  Galicia,  Croatia,  and  Bohemia. 

10.  ITALY. 

The  military  system  of  this  country  differs  considerably  from  those 
of  other  European  countries,  and  for  this  reason  there  is  a  different 
system  for  the  selection  and  assignment  of  the  additional  officers 
needed  for  the  troops  of  the  second  and  third  lines. 

Additional  officers  are  obtained  about  as  follows: 

There  are  two  courses  of  instruction : 

(a)  A  six  months'  course  for  all  young  men  holding  certificates 
from  the  lyceums  or  similar  institutions.    This  does  not  apply  to  the 
cavalry,  train,  or  field  artillery. 

(b)  A  course  of  nine  months  for  those  young  men  having  only  a 
certificate  of  admission  for  a  two-years'  course  at  lyceums,  or  those 
having  undergone  a  general  examination  for  a  commission. 

These  courses  are  taken  by  young  men  from  18  to  26  years  of  age 
who  are  not  yet  drawn  for  service  either  as  corporals  or  privates  of 
the  active  army;  also  by  privates  and  corporals  on  unlimited  fur- 
lough who  ask  for  a  return  to  the  active  army. 

The  courses  are  placed  under  the  superior' direction  of  corps  com- 
manders and  the  young  men  assigned  to  a  special  unit  for  the  course. 
It  is  divided  into  two  equal  parts,  and  at  the  completion  of  each  part 
the  candidates  must  pass  an  examination.  At  the  end  of  the  first 
period  they  are  appointed  corporals,  and  at  the  end  of  the  second 
period  sergeants,  provided  their  work  has  been  satisfactory. 

529 


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The  candidates  who  are  appointed  sergeants  are  then  required  to 
perform  four  months  with  a  unit,  and  at  the  end  of  this  stage  they 
must  pass  the  required  officers  examination. 

They  are  then  furloughed,  but  at  the  end  of  two  months  they  are 
called  as  officers  and  assigned  to  still  another  unit  to  serve  three 
months  as  officers. 

Noncommissioned  officers  on  unlimited  furlough  can  be  commis- 
sioned by  passing  an  officer's  examination. 

The  students  at  military  colleges  and  schools  who  have  successfully 
passed  the  second  year's  examination  can  be  appointed  additional 
officers  only  after  a  period  of  service  of  three  months  as  officers. 
Other  students,  by  passing  an  examination  and  showing  proficiency, 
must  serve  four  months  as  privates  and  four  months  as  sergeants  be- 
fore qualifying  sufficiently  to  serve  their  three  months  as  officers. 

11.  RUSSIA. 

The  reserves  of  the  active  army  are  officered  by  (1)  assigning 
officers  who  are  "  on  furlough  "  or  "  retired  "  but  still  bound  to  render 
service  in  time  of  war;  (2)  volunteers  who  have  passed  a  special 
examination  at  the  end  of  their  service,  as  well  as  selected  noncom- 
missioned officers  passing  the  examination  after  a  probationary 
period  of  six  weeks.  Both  of  these  can  be  appointed  ensigns  in  the 
reserve. 

Officers  of  the  reserve  called  in  case  of  mobilization  can  be  pro- 
moted to  a  higher  grade,  provided  they  have  had  at  least  four 
years  in  their  grade  since  last  promotion,  have  had  at  least  four 
months'  actual  service  upon  rejoining  their  organizations,  and  have 
passed  a  satisfactory  examination. 

Once  a  year — in  the  summer — a  special  commission  is  assembled 
which  is  charged  with  the  examination  of  candidates  for  the  reserve 
officers. 

The  examinations  are  briefly  as  follows: 

For  the  infantry: 

1.  Regulations  and  military  law. 

2.  Field-service  regulations. 

3.  Principles  of  infantry  fire. 

4.  Field  fortification. 
For  the  cavalry : 

1,  2,  and  3  as  for  infantry. 
4.  Methods  of  hasty  demolition. 
For  the  artillery: 

1  and  2  as  for  infantry,  with  necessary  modifications. 

3.  A  brief  course  on  the  different  types  of  artillery. 

4.  As  for  infantry,  with  necessary  modifications. 

For  the  engineers:  1,  2,  and  3  as  for  infantry,  with  necessary  modifica- 
tions for  arm. 

529 


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If  successful  the  candidate  is  sent  immediately  to  a  reserve  unit 
for  active  duty,  the  duration  of  which  must  be  at  least  four  months. 

In  case  they  are  unsuccessful  they  may  present  themselves  the 
following  year  and  they  may  remain  in  the  service  during  this 
period  until  time  for  examination. 

The  number  of  reserve  officers  is  insufficient  and  there  are  a  con- 
siderable number  needed  for  mobilization  purposes. 

To  remedy  this  deficiency  a  number  of  acting  ensigns  will  have  to 
be  chosen  from  selected  noncommissioned  officers. 

12.  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

An  officer  who  has  retired  from  the  regular  forces  on  retired  pay, 
or  with  a  gratuity,  shall  be  a  member  of  the  reserve  of  officers  so  long 
as  he  is  liable  to  be  recalled  to  army  service  under  certain  age  limita- 
tions ;  until  50  if  a  lieutenant  or  captain ;  until  56  if  a  quartermaster, 
major,  lieutenant  colonel,  or  colonel;  and  until  67  if  a  general  officer. 

Provided  that  an  officer  who  misconducts  himself  or  who  is  certi- 
fied by  the  regulated  medical  authority  to  be  mentally  or  physically 
unfit  may  be  removed  from  the  reserve  of  officers. 

A  commission  in  the  reserve  of  officers  may  be  granted  to — (a) 
the  regular  forces;  (b)  the  special  reserve  of  officers;  (c)  the  aux- 
iliary forces;  or  (d)  the  Indian  military  forces,  with  the  exception 
of  those  who  entered  the  Indian  army  subsequent  to  the  8th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1892. 

A  gentleman  who  has  served  as  an  officer  or  cadet  in  the  officers' 
training  corps. 

An  officer  who  served  in  South  Africa  as  an  officer  of  the  Imperial 
Yeomanry,  City  of  London  Imperial  Volunteers,  volunteer  service 
companies,  or  colonial  irregular  corps  may  be  granted  a  commission 
in  the  reserve  of  officers,  subject  to  articles  688  and  690,  and  subject 
to  the  following  conditions: 

For  the  rank  of  captain  he  must  have  served  in  South  Africa 
with  the  rank  of  captain  for  not  less  than  12  months. 

For  the  rank  of  lieutenant  he  must  have  served  in  South  Africa 
with  the  rank  of  captain  or  lieutenant  for  not  less  than  six  months. 

An  officer  or  a  gentleman  who  has  served  as  an  officer  or  cadet  in 
the  officers'  training  corps,  volunteering  for  service  in  the  reserve  of 
officers,  shall,  if  his  services  are  accepted,  receive  from  the  Govern- 
ment a  commission  as  an  officer  in  the  land  forces. 

A  commission  shall  not  be  granted  to  any  officer  or  gentleman  who 
has  served  as  an  officer  or  cadet  in  the  officers'  training  corps  who 
is  not  medically  fit  for  service  or  whose  character  and  qualifications 
are  not  satisfactory. 

529 


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An  officer  who  has  retired  from  the  auxiliary  forces  shall  not  be 
granted  a  commission  in  the  reserve  of  officers  unless  he  fulfills  the 
following  conditions : 

For  the  rank  of  captain  he  must  have  had  at  least  seven  years' 
commissioned  service  at  the  time  of  his  retirement,  including  three 
years  as  captain  or  field  officer,  and  have  qualified  for  the  rank  of 
field  officer. 

For  the  rank  of  lieutenant  or  second  lieutenant  he  must  have  had 
at  least  two  years'  commissioned  service  at  the  time  of  his  retirement 
and  have  qualified  for  the  rank  of  captain. 

An  officer  who  has  retired  from  the  special  reserve  of  officers  may 
be  granted  a  commission  in  the  reserve  of  officers,  subject  to  the 
following  conditions: 

He  must  have  completed  not  less  than  10  years'  commissioned  serv- 
ice in  the  special  reserve  of  officers  and  have  attained  the  age  of  35. 

An  officer  shall  not  be  appointed  to  the  reserve  of  officers  in  a  rank 
higher  than  that  which  he  held  on  retirement ;  nor  shall  he  be  granted 
a  commission  in  that  reserve  if  his  age  exceeds  the  following: 

For  appointment  as  a  captain,  45. 

For  appointment  as  a  lieutenant  or  second  lieutenant,  40. 

A  gentleman  who  has  served  as  an  officer  in  the  officers'  training 
corps  shall  not  be  appointed  to  the  reserve  of  officers  in  a  higher 
rank  than  that  of  lieutenant,  nor  a  gentleman  who  has  served  as  a 
cadet  in  a  higher  rank  than  that  of  second  lieutenant. 

A  commission  in  the  reserve  of  officers  shall  not  be  granted  to  an 
officer  who  is  serving  in  the  special  reserve  of  officers,  the  Channel 
Islands,  or  the  Malta  Militia,  under  the  provisions  of  article  559. 

The  limitations  of  age  and  the  qualifications  prescribed  by  articles 
683  to  690  may  be  dispensed  with  in  cases  where  the  army  council 
consider  it  desirable  in  the  interests  of  the  service  that  the  rules  laid 
down  in  those  articles  should  not  be  enforced. 

An  officer  of  the  Koyal  Army  Medical  Corps  with  at  least  three, 
and  not  more  than  six  years'  service,  may  be  permitted  to  join  the 
reserve  of  officers  for  a  period  of  seven  years.  While  so  situated  he 
shall  receive  a  retaining  fee  at  the  rate  of  £25  per  year. 

With  the  sanction  of  the  army  council  he  may  be  permitted  to 
return  to  the  active  list,  and  if  the  period  he  has  been  in  the  reserve 
amounts  to  at  least  one  year,  and  not  more  than  three  years,  he  shall 
be  allowed  to  reckon  one-third  of  such  period  toward  promotion, 
gratuity,  and  pension. 

Any  army  reserve  officer  shall  report  himself  at  the  commence- 
ment of  each  year,  in  writing,  to  the  army  council.  Should  he  fail 
to  do  so,  he  shall  (unless  he  is  an  officer  retired  from  the  regular 

30669°— No.  529—16 3 


18 

forces,  with  liability  for  further  service  in  case  of  emergency)  be 
removed  from  the  reserve  at  the  end  of  the  year  in  which  he  fails 
to  report  himself. 

An  officer  appointed  under  article  682  or  683  shall  be  removed 
from  the  reserve,  by  notification  in  the  London  Gazette,  at  the  age  of 
55,  if  a  field  officer;  and  at  the  age  of  50,  if  a  captain,  lieutenant,  or 
second  lieutenant. 

EMPLOYMENT  ON  ARMY  SERVICE. 

An  army  reserve  officer  shall  be  liable  to  be  called  to  army  service 
at  home  or  abroad  at  a  time  of  national  emergency,  or  when  a 
national  emergency  appears  to  be  imminent. 

An  army  reserve  officer  may,  with  his  own  consent  and  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  army  council,  be  employed  on  army  service  at  any  time. 

An  army  reserve  officer  shall,  while  employed  on  army  service,  and 
not  over  65  years  of  age,  be  eligible  for  promotion. 

An  army  reserve  officer,  not  being  a  retired  officer,  and  not  coming 
under  the  conditions  of  article  496  (governing  the  rate  of  pay  and 
allowances),  shall  be  granted,  from  the  date  of  joining  for  army 
service  to  the  date  on  which  his  services  are  no  longer  required,  and 
subject  to  article  501  (special  pay  allowances),  the  rates  of  pay  and 
allowances  granted  to  an  officer  on  the  active  list  of  corresponding 
rank  in  the  same  branch  of  the  reserve. 

SPECIAL  RESERVE   OF  OFFICERS,   MILITIA,  AND  TERRITORIAL  FORCE. 

General  qualifications. — To  be  eligible  to  attend  a  competitive  ex- 
amination, a  candidate  must  fulfill  the  following  conditions: 

(a)  He  must  be  unmarried,  and  will  not  be  accepted  unless,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  army  council,  he  is  in  all  respects  suitable  to  hold  a 
commission  in  the  regular  army. 

(6)  He  must  attain  the  age  of  20  and  not  attain  the  age  of  25  on 
the  1st  of  April  for  a  March  examination,  or  on  the  1st  of  October 
for  an  examination  in  that  month. 

(<?)  He  must  have  qualified  at  an  army  entrance  examination  or 
passed  some  other  examination  accepted  in  lieu  thereof. 

(d)  He  must  serve  for  18  months  in  the  branch  of  the  service  to 
which  he  belongs. 

NOTE. — Certificates  A  and  B  obtained  in  the  officers'  training  corps  entitle  a 
candidate  to  reductions  in  the  period  of  total  service  and  attachment  mentioned 
above. 

An  officer  of  the  special  reserve  of  officers  must  have  completed  his 
probationary  training  and  been  confirmed  in  his  appointment. 

An  officer  of  the  Irish  Horse,  Malta,  Bermuda,  or  Channel  Islands 
Militia,  or  territorial  force  must  have  completed  a  period  of  attach- 

529 


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ment  to  a  regular  unit  of  the  arm  of  the  service  to  which  he  belongs 
and  have  been  satisfactorily  reported  upon. 

In  the  case  of  infantry  the  full  period  of  attachment  is  6  months, 
and  in  the  case  of  other  arms  12  months. 

(e)  He  must  be  recommended  by  his  commanding  officer. 

(/)  If  a  candidate  for  the  Eoyal  Artillery,  he  must  be  an  officer 
of  the  special  reserve  artillery,  militia  artillery,  or  territorial  force 
artillery. 

(g)  If  a  candidate  for  Royal  Field  Artillery,  he  must  also  have  an 
equitation  certificate. 

An  officer  of  the  artillery  may,  if  eligible,  compete  as  a  candidate 
for  the  Royal  Artillery,  and  also  on  the  general  list  for  other 
branches  of  the  service. 

COMPETITIVE  EXAMINATION    (WRITTEN). 

Subjects. — Military  history  and  strategy  (2  papers),  tactics  (2 
papers) ,  field  engineering  (2  papers) ,  map  reading  and  field  sketch- 
ing (1  paper),  military  law  (1  paper),  military  administration  and 
organization  (1  paper). 

Qualifying  minimum. — Four  of  the  marks  in  each  paper  and  five 
of  the  aggregate  marks. 

Practical  test. — A  candidate  must  also  pass  a  practical  test  in  map 
reading  and  field  sketching. 

UNIVERSITIES. 

(Including  Universities  in  the   Overseas  Dominions   and   Crown 

Colonies.) 

General  qualifications. — A  certain  number  of  commissions  in  the 
cavalry,  Royal  Artillery,  infantry,  army  service  corps,  and  Indian 
army  are  granted  each  half  year  on  the  nomination  of  such  univer- 
sities or  groups  of  universities  as  have  established  courses  of  military 
instruction  approved  by  the  army  council. 

For  a  list  of  the  universities  empowered  to  nominate  candidates 
see  the  regulations. 

Nomination  is  made  in  January  and  July  of  each  year. 

A  candidate  must  be:  (a)  Unmarried.  (5)  Suitable,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  the  army  council,  to  hold  a  commission.  (c)  Able  to  pro- 
duce a  certificate  of  good  character  from  the  head  of  the  university 
or  college. 

Age. — A  candidate  must  have  attained  the  age  of  21  and  must  not 
have  attained  the  age  of  25  on  the  15th  of  January  for  the  winter 
nomination  or  the  15th  of  July  for  the  summer  nomination. 

(A  candidate  for  appointment  to  the  Indian  army  must  be  between 
the  ages  of  21  and  24  on  the  dates  named.) 

629 


20 

Antedate. — The  commission  of  nominated  candidates  will  be  ante- 
dated 18  months  from  the  date  in  which  their  names  appear  in  the 
London  Gazette. 

A  candidate  who  has  graduated  with  first  or  second  class  honors 
may,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  nomination  board,  be  granted  such 
an  additional  antedate  (not  exceeding  6  months)  as  may  be  approved 
by  the  army  council. 

GENERAL  OUTLINE  OF  TESTS  WHICH  MUST  BE  PASSED. 

A  candidate  must — 

1.  Fulfill  certain  conditions  as  to  residence  or  presence  during  a 
certain  course  of  study  at  the  university. 

2.  Undergo   a  course  of  military  instruction  at  the  university, 
qualify  at  an  examination  in  military  subjects. 

3.  Be  a  member  of  the  university  contingent  of  the  officers'  training 
corps. 

4.  Fulfill  certain  conditions  as  to  attachment  to  a  regular  unit  of 
the  army. 

5.  Take  a  degree  in  an  approved  subject  or  group  of  subjects. 

6.  Pass  a  medical  examination. 

SUBJECTS  OF  WRITTEN  EXAMINATION. 

Group  A: 

1.  Military  History  and  Strategy  (2  papers). 

2.  Tactics  (2  papers). 
Group  B: 

3.  Field  Engineering  (2  papers). 

4.  Map  Heading  and  Field  Sketching  (1  paper). 
Group  C: 

5.  Military  Administration  and  Organization  (1  paper). 
Candidates  who  desire  may  take  up  the  examination  in  three  parts. 
For  this  purpose  the  subjects  are  divided  into  groups  as  shown. 

HI.   MILJTARY  SCHOOLS. 
13.  GERMANY. 

CORPS  OF  CADETS. 

The  organization  of  the  cadet  corps  has  been  already  outlined.  Its 
members  are  largely  the  sons  of  army  and  navy  officers  and  receive 
their  subsistence,  clothing,  and  tuition  free,  or  at  a  nominal  charge. 
After  passing  through  one  of  the  six  "  cadet  houses,"  cadets  enter  the 
central  cadet  institute  at  Gross-Lichterfelde,  in  the  vicinity  of  Berlin, 

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of  which  a  colonel  is  the  superintendent,  where  they  are  formed  into 
companies  and  battalions  for  military  drill  and  discipline. 

The  battalion  organization  has  no  connection  with  the  classes,  of 
which  there  are  three,  namely,  the  secunda,  prima,  and  selecta.  Each 
of  the  first  named  is  again  divided  into  a  lower  and  upper  section, 
known,  respectively,  as  lower  and  upper  secunda,  lower  and  upper 
prima.  Those  of  the  cadets  who  complete  their  seventeenth  year  be- 
fore April  1  of  the  current  year,  have  an  adequate  bodily  develop- 
ment, and  who  after  passing  through  the  upper  secunda  are  deemed 
sufficiently  prepared,  are  examined  (in  February  or  March)  before 
the  "  superior  military  examining  committee."  With  the  exception 
of  some  of  the  most  proficient  and  promising,  who  are  entered  in  the 
selecta  class,  all  who  have  passed  the  examination  join  regiments  as 
titular  sword-knot  ensigns,  thus  being  placed  on  substantially  the 
same  footing  with  the  college  (gymnasia  or  real  school)  graduates 
of  the  officer  aspirants.  The  cadets  who,  having  passed  through  the 
upper  secunda,  fail  at  the  examination,  as  well  as  those  who,  though 
of  sufficient  age  and  physique  are  not  admitted  to  it,  are,  as  a  rule, 
returned  to  their  parents  or  entered  in  the  army  as  privates,  excep- 
tionally so  as  noncommissioned  officers,  for  the  discharge  of  their 
liability  to  military  service. 

To  the  lower  prima  are  transferred  cadets  of  deficient  age  or 
physique  who  have  passed  successfully  through  the  upper  secunda, 
and  also  talented  cadets  of  the  same  class  standing  who  are  not  so 
deficient,  but  whose  parents  desire  the  transfer.  In  exceptional  cases 
the  latter  class  of  cadets  may  also  be  appointed  sword-knot  noncom- 
missioned officers  and  the  former  noncommissioned  officers,  all  being 
at  the  same  time  members  of  lower  prima.  After  successful  passage 
through  the  lower  prima,  cadets  are  either  admitted  to  the  "ensign 
examination"  or  transferred  to  the  upper  prima,  according  to  the 
expressed  desire  of  their  parents.  If  in  the  former  case  they  pass  the 
examination,  as  they  almost  invariably  do,  it  depends  upon  circum- 
stances whether  they  are  sent  to  their  regiments  as  titular  or  actual 
sword-knot  ensigns.  The  course  through  upper  prima,  during  which 
the  members  may  hold  the  appointment  of  sword-knot  noncommis- 
sioned officers,  is  terminated  by  what  is  termed  the  ArUturienten 
Examen.1  The  cadets  who  pass  the  examination  are  transferred  to 
the  army  as  actual  ensigns  and  simultaneously  sent  to  the  war  school. 
If,  after  going  through  the  latter,  they  pass  the  officer  examination 
with  credit,  they  are  commissioned  second  lieutenants  as  of  the  date 
of  their  transfer  to  the  army. 

1  This  is  also  called  the  Maturitats  Examen,  as  the  diploma  issued  to  the  person  who  has 
passed  it  declares  that  he  is  ripe  or  mature  for  the  commencement  of  professional  studies 
at  the  university. 

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The  members  of  the  selecta  are  at  the  close  of  the  course  subjected, 
if  deemed  proficient,  to  the  officer  examination;  those  who  pass  and 
who  seem  qualified  by  reason  of  their  conduct  and  bearing  while  on 
and  off  duty,  receive  the  appointment  as  second  lieutenant.  Such 
selecta  cadets  as  have  passed  the  examination,  but  whose  deportment 
has  not  been  altogether  satisfactory,  join  regiments  as  ensigns,  a 
period  of  not  less  than  two  months  nor  more  than  six  months  inter- 
vening before  their  advancement  to  the  grade  of  second  lieutenant. 
Those  cadets  who  fail  upon  examination,  or  who  by  reason  of  de- 
ficient deportment  or  insufficient  preparation  are  not  admitted  thereto, 
are  appointed  ensigns  and  join  regiments,  the  former  for  reexamina- 
tion  at  the  end  of  three  months.  The  latter  may,  without  previous 
attendance  of  the  war  school,  be  reported  by  their  commanding  offi- 
cer to  the  "  superior  military  examining  committee,"  as  prepared  for 
the  "officer  examination"  when  they  have  acquired  the  prescribed 
certificate  of  good  conduct  and  good  soldiership. 

Upon  passing  the  officer  examination,  and  having  been  approved 
by  the  corps  of  officers,  ensigns  may  be  recommended  for  appoint- 
ment as  second  lieutenants. 

In  Prussia  the  control  of  military  training  and  education,  discon- 
nected from  service  with  troops  (excepting  that  of  the  war  academy, 
which,  being  a  staff  college,  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  chief 
of  the  general  staff  of  the  army),  is  lodged  in  a  "general  inspec- 
tion of  the  system  of  military  education  and  training,"  at  the 
head  of  which  stands  a  general  of  infantry  as  inspector  general,  to 
whom  two  officers  (a  lieutenant  colonel  and  a  major)  are  assigned  as 
adjutants.  Subordinated  to  the  general  inspection  are — 

1.  The  " superior  military  committee  of  studies"  consisting  of  13 
officers  of  high  rank,  to  whom  questions  affecting  the  organization, 
course,  and  methods  of  studies  of  Prussian  military  schools  (except 
the  war  academy)  are  referred  for  opinion. 

2.  The  " superior  military  examination  committee"  presided  over 
by  a  major  general,  whose  duties  will  be  explained  further  on. 

3.  The  inspection  of  war  schools,  headed  by  a  colonel.    These 
schools  prepare  sword-knot  ensigns  (Portepeefahnriche)  of  all  arms 
for  the  so-called  officer  examination.     They  are  located  at  the  fol- 
lowing places:  Potsdam,  Glogau,  Neisse,  Engers,  Cassel,  Hannovei, 
Auklam,  Metz,  and  Hersfeld.     There  is  a  similar  institution   at 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

The  course  lasts  from  9  to  10  months  and  embraces  tactics,  manu- 
facture of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores,  science  of  arms,  field  and 
permanent  fortifications,  attack  and  defense  of  strong  places,  mili- 
tary topography,  and  army  administration.  Artillery  ranges  and 
technical  institutes  and  fortresses  are  visited  by  the  students. 

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4.  The  corps  of  cadets,  commanded  by  a  major  general,  which  con- 
sists of  young  men  in  training  for  the  position  of  officer,  distributed 
among  six  "  cadet  houses,"  situated,  respectively,  at  Koslin,  Potsdam, 
Wahlstatt,  Bensberg,  Plon,  and  Oranienstein,  whence  they  are  passed 
to  the  central  cadet  school  at  Gross-Lichterfelde.  Except  that  the 
pupils  are  uniformed,  armed,  and  drilled,  the  cadet  houses  and  the 
central  cadet  institute  correspond  in  organization  and  course  of 
study  to  the  so-called  Real  schools  (Real  Schuleri),  at  which  young 
men  are  prepared  for  the  higher  technical  schools  (Techniche  Hoch- 
schulen).  The  Real  schools  again  bear  a  certain  resemblance  to 
the  Gymnasia,  graduates  (Arbiturienten)  from  either  of  which  are 
ripe  for  the  university  or  a  higher  technical  school  and  need  not 
undergo  the  ensign  examination,  the  chief  distinction  between  the 
Real  school  and  the  Gymnasia  being  that  special  attention  is  devoted 
in  the  former  to  the  dead  languages  and  classics,  and  in  the  latter  to 
the  sciences. 

The  Government  maintains  eleven  "  war  schools "  for  the  further 
education  of  the  officer  aspirants.  There  are  in  addition  two  war 
colleges,  one  at  Berlin  and  one  at  Munich.  There  are  two  ordnance 
schools,  an  academy  for  the  medical  education  of  men  who  desire 
to  become  members  of  the  medical  corps,  a  military  veterinarian 
college,  two  technical  military  academies  for  the  further  instruction 
of  engineers  and  artillerymen,  10  noncommissioned  officers'  schools, 
and  9  schools  for  enlisted  men  or  sons  of  soldiers  or  noncommissioned 
officers  who  desire  to  qualify  for  the  grade  of  noncommissioned  officer 
in  the  active  army.  In  addition  to  these  schools,  which  are  main- 
tained by  the  Government  for  the  education  of  future  officers  and 
noncommissioned  officers,  it  maintains  other  schools  for  the  further 
training  of  the  active  officer.  There  are  two  infantry  firing  schools, 
a  firing  school  for  field  artillery  and  for  foot  artillery,  four  schools 
for  equitation,  two  cavalry  telegraph  schools,  eight  schools  for  horse- 
shoers,  and  one  gymnastic  school  for  the  instruction  of  noncommis- 
sioned officers  in  work  connected  with  the  physical  training  of  the 
soldier  and  for  bayonet  and  other  fencing. 

14.  FRANCE. 

-^- — 

The  Government  maintains  the  following  schools  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  officers :  theJSKar.  Academy,  in  Paris,  and  the  following  post- 
graduate schools  for  officers  rSchooTof  Application  for  Artillery  and 
Engineers,  1 ;  School  of  Application  for  Cavalry,  1 ;  School  of  Appli- 
cation for  Ordnance  Officers,  1;  School  of  Application  for  Medical 
Corps,  1. 

The  following  preparatory  schools  are  maintained:  Polytechnic; 
special  military  school  at  St.-Cyr;  military  school  for  infantry  at 

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Vt  ^ 

1 


24 

St.-Maixent;  school  for  cavalry  at  Saumur;  school  for  artillery  and 
engineers,  1;  school  for  military  administration  (Vincennes),  1; 
school  for  candidates  for  the  military  service,  1. 

There  is  also  a  school  for  developing  teachers  of  physical  training 
throughout  the  army;  a  central  musketry  school;  an  artillery  firing 
school ;  two  other  musketry  schools  for  infantry ;  and  one  school  for 
engineers.  There  is  also  a  school  for  the  instruction  of  officers  be- 
longing to  the  railway  service;  and  at  each  army  headquarters  is 
maintained  a  school  for  the  artillery  officers  serving  with  that  corps- 
district.  In  the  last  few  years  a  school  for  the  scientific  study  of 
aeronautics  has  been  established. 

15.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

In  addition  to  the  cadet  schools  before  mentioned,  the  Government 
maintains  a  war  college  at  Vienna  for  the  education  of  general 
staff  officers;  a  school  for  military  administration,  to  which  are  sent 
officers  who  are  serving  in  the  supply  services;  courses  are  also  pre- 
scribed for  intendant  officers,  superior  supply  officers,  officers  charged 
with  purchase  of  clothing  and  equipment,  subsistence  officers  and 
train.  There  is  also  maintained  at  each  brigade  headquarters  a 
school  for  cavalry  officers.  There  is  a  higher  artillery  school  and  a 
school  for  the  technical  branches  of  engineers,  both  military  and 
civil.  There  are  two  telegraph  schools,  one  for  cavalry  and  one  for 
infantry ;  a  school  for  ordnance  officers ;  a  firing  school  for  infantry ; 
three  schools  for  equitation,  one  of  which  is  for  infantry  officers;  a 
firing  school  for  artillery ;  and  a  separate  riding  school  for  the  train- 
ing of  drivers  and  riding  instructors  in  the  field  artillery. 

16.  ITALY. 

In  addition  to  the  military  schools  before  mentioned,  there  are 
preparatory  military  schools  maintained,  one  at  Naples  and  one  at 
Rome.  These  are  for  the  sons  of  officers,  and  their  education  is  car- 
ried out  at  the  Government  expense.  The  war  college,  at  Turin, 
is  charged  with  the  instruction  and  training  of  general  staff  officers. 
There  is  a  school  of  application  for  members  of  the  sanitary  serv- 
ice, somewhat  similar  to  the  schools  of  application  for  artillery,  en- 
gineers, and  cavalry.  There  is  a  central  school  of  fire;  a  musketry 
school  for  infantry,  at  Palma,  and  one  for  field  artillery  at  Nettino, 
while  at  Rome  there  exists  a  school  for  the  instruction  of  the  Royal 
Carbinieros,  a  species  of  military  gendarmerie,  and  a  school  for 
fencing  and  gymnastics  is  maintained  at  the  same  locality. 

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17.  RUSSIA. 

Schools. — In  addition  to  the  schools  before  mentioned  the  Gov- 
ernment maintains  a  war  college  at  Petrograd  for  the  education  of 
general  staff  officers ;  a  topographical  school  for  training  officers  who 
belong  to  the  topographical  section  of  the  general  staff;  an  in- 
tendance  school;  an  artillery  academy;  an  engineer  academy;  a 
medical  academy;  a  law  academy;  an  electro-technical  school;  and 
a  number  of  schools  for  the  instruction  of  noncommissioned  officers. 
For  the  further  training  of  officers  in  schools  of  application,  there 
is  maintained  a  school  for  infantry  fire;  school  for  field  artillery; 
a  school  for  equitation  for  cavalry ;  and  an  aeronautical  school. 

18.  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  following  schools  are  maintained  by  the  Government :  Royal 
Staff  College,  for  the  education  of  general  staff  officers ;  Royal  Mili- 
tary Academy ;  Royal  Military  College ;  Ordnance  College ;  Cavalry 
School ;  Camel  Corps  School ;  School  of  Gunnery ;  School  of  Military 
Enginering;  Central  Flying  School;  School  of  Musketry;  Schools 
of  Electric  Lighting;  Army  Signal  School;  A.  S.  C.  training  estab- 
lishment; Royal  Army  War  College ;  Army  Veterinary  School ;  Royal 
Military  School  of  Music;  Duke  of  York's  Royal  Military  School; 
Queen  Victoria  School. 

METHODS  OF  ENTERING  THE  REGULAR  ARMY — ROYAL  MILITARY  COLLEGE, 

SANDHURST. 

Methods  of  entry. — There  are  two  methods  of  obtaining  admis- 
sion to  the  Royal  Military  College : 

1.  By  successful  competition  at  an  army  entrance  examination. 
(a)  The  following  enter  without  competition,  provided  they  qualify 

in  the  obligatory  subjects  at  an  army  entrance  examination:  King's 
Cadets;  Honorary  King's  Cadets  (10  annually) ;  King's  Indian 
Cadets  (20  annually) ;  Honorary  King's  Indian  Cadets  (3  annu- 
ally) ;  Pages  of  Honor. 

2.  On  the  nomination  of  the  army  council. 

General  qualification. — Candidates  must  be  unmarried,  and  will 
not  be  accepted  unless,  in  the  opinion  of  the  army  council,  in  every 
way  suitable  to  hold  a  commission. 

All  successful  and  nominated  candidates  must  pass  a  medical 
examination. 

Age. — Candidates  must  have  attained  the  age  of  17  and  must  not 
have  attained  the  age  of  19^  (the  half  year  being  reckoned  by  calen- 
dar months)  on  the  1st  of  June  and  1st  of  December,  respectively,  for 

529 


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admission  to  the  college  at  the  commencement  of  the  ensuing  spring 
and  autumn  terms. 

Candidates  of  the  West  India  Kegiment  may  compete  if  under  21 
years  of  age  on  the  above  dates. 

ARMY   ENTRANCE   EXAMINATION. 

General  outline  of  the  army  entrance  examination. — The  army 
entrance  examination  is  both  qualifying  and  competitive,  i.  e.,  a  can- 
didate to  be  considered  successful  must  obtain  a  qualifying  minimum 
of  marks  in  certain  obligatory  subjects  and  must,  in  addition,  gain 
a  sufficiently  high  place  on  the  list  to  entitle  him  to  one  of  the  cadet- 
ships  offered. 

Certificates  required. — The  candidate,  when  called  upon  to  do  so, 
will  be  required  to  furnish  the  following : 

1.  An  extract  from  the  register  of  his  birth;  or,  if  this  can  not 
be  obtained,  a  certificate  of  his  baptism,  or  other  documentary  evi- 
dence accompanied  by  a  statutory  declaration  made  by  one  of  his 
parents  or  guardians  before  a  magistrate,  giving  the  exact  date  of 
birth. 

2.  If  the  candidate  holds  a  commission  in  the  special  reserve  of 
officers,  militia,  or  territorial  force,  a  recommendation  from  the  com- 
manding officer  of  the  regiment. 

3.  On  Form  A  the  names  of  two  responsible  referees  (not  tutors, 
relatives,  or  near  connections),  who  having  known  him  during  the 
four  years  previous  to  the  examination  will  furnish  a  certificate  as 
to  character. 

Subjects : 
Class  I — 

Obligatory — 
English. 

English  history  and  geography. 
Mathematics  A  (elementary). 
French  or  German. 
Class  II — 

Optional — 

German  or  French. 

Latin. 

Greek. 

Science  (physics  and  chemistry). 

Mathematics  B  (intermediate). 

Mathematics  C  (higher). 

All  subjects  in  Class  I  must  be  taken  up,  and  a  qualifying  mini- 
mum of  33  per  cent  of  the  maximum  marks  must  be  obtained  in  each. 
Only  two  of  the  subjects  in  Class  II  may  be  taken  up,  and  if  one  of 
these  is  a  modern  language  it  must  be  different  to  the  modern 
language  selected  in  Class  I. 

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27 

In  addition,  free-hand  drawing,  to  which  400  marks  are  allotted, 
may  be  taken  up. 

Certificate  A,  obtained  in  a  unit  of  the  officers'  training  corps, 
will  entitle  the  holder  to  receive  200  marks. 

NOMINATION   TO   CADETSHIP   BY   THE   ARMY   COUNCIL. 

Conditions. — A  certain  number  of  suitable  candidates,  recom- 
mended by  the  headmasters  of  schools  recognized  for  the  purpose, 
are  nominated  to  cadetships  by  the  army  council  each  half  year. 

To  be  eligible  to  recommendation  by  the  headmaster  a  candidate 
must — 

1.  Have  attended  continuously  for  at  least  three  years  one  or 
more  approved  schools  and  remain  in  residence  at  the  school  until 
the  end  of  the  term  immediately  preceding  the  nomination. 

2.  Be  within  the  prescribed  limits  of  age. 

3.  Be  an  efficient  member  of  the  school  contingent  of  the  officers' 
training  corps. 

PRIZE    CADETSHIPS. 

A  certain  number  of  prize  cadetships  are  awarded  to  successful 
competitors  (other  than  candidates  for  commissions  in  the  West 
India  Eegiment)  in  order  of  merit  at  each  half-yearly  army  entrance 
examination.  Emoluments  varying  in  value  up  to  a  maximum  of 
£255  may  be  attached  to  a  prize  cadetship. 

ROYAL   MILITARY   ACADEMY,   WOOLWICH. 

Method  of  entry. — Admission  to  the  Royal  Military  Academy  can 
only  be  gained  by  successful  competition  at  an  army  entrance 
examination. 

General  qualifications. — Candidates  must  be  unmarried,  and  will 
not  be  accepted  unless,  in  the  opinion  of  the  army  council,  in  every 
way  suitable  to  hold  a  commission. 

All  successful  candidates  must  pass  a  medical  examination. 

Age. — Candidates  must  have  attained  the  age  of  16J,  and  must 
not  have  attained  the  age  of  19^  (the  half  year  being  reckoned  by 
calendar  months)  on  the  1st  of  June  for  the  summer  and  on  the  1st  of 
December  for  the  winter  army  entrance  examination. 

ARMY  ENTRANCE  EXAMINATION. 

General  outline  of  army  entrance  examination. — Same  as  for  the 
Royal  Military  College. 

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Certificates  required. — Same  as  for  the  Royal  Military  College. 

Subjects : 
Class  I—- 
Obligatory— 
English. 

English  history  and  geography. 
Mathematics,  A  (elementary). 
French  or  German. 
Science  (physics  and  chemistry). 
Mathematics,  B   (intermediate). 
Class  II — 

Optional — 

German,  French,  Latin,  or  Greek. 
Mathematics,  C  (higher). 

All  subjects  in  Class  I  must  be  taken  up.  Only  one  of  the  subjects 
in  Class  II  may  be  taken  up,  and  if  it  is  a  modern  language  it  must  be 
different  to  the  modern  language  selected  in  Class  I. 

In  addition,  free-hand  drawing,  to  which  400  marks  are  allotted, 
may  be  taken  up. 

Certificate  A,  obtained  in  the  officers'  training  corps,  will  entitle 
the  holder  to  receive  200  marks. 

A  candidate  may,  if  eligible  in  respect  to  age,  compete  for  both 
Royal  Military  Academy  and  Royal  Military  College  at  the  same 
examination  by  taking  up  the  subjects  which  are  obligatory  for  the 
Royal  Military  Academy. 

Medical  examination. — Same  as  for  the  Royal  Military  College. 

Prize  cadetships. — A  certain  number  of  prize  cadetships  are 
awarded  to  successful  competitors  in  order  of  merit  at  each  half- 
yearly  army  entrance  examination.  Emoluments  varying  in  value 
up  to  a  maximum  of  £255  may  be  attached  to  a  prize  cadetship. 

ROYAL  MILITARY  COLLEGE,  KINGSTON,  CANADA. 

General  qualifications. — The  college  has  a  wider  scope  than  the 
English  military  colleges,  as,  besides  military  subjects,  it  teaches 
civil  engineering,  surveying,  etc. 

Seven  commissions  in  His  Majesty's  Regular  Army  are  granted 
annually  to  the  students,  viz :  Royal  Engineers,  1 ;  Royal  Artillery, 
1 ;  Cavalry,  1 ;  Infantry,  1 ;  Indian  Army,  1 ;  Army  Service  Corps,  2. 

Candidates  must  be  British  subjects,  and  they  or  their  parents  must 
have  resided  in  Canada  for  two  years  immediately  preceding  the 
examination;  short  periods  of  absence  in  Europe  for  purposes  of 
education  to  be  included  as  residence. 

Age. — Between  16  and  20  on  January  1st,  preceding  the  examina- 
tion. 

General  outline  of  tests  which  must  be  passed. — Admission  by  com- 
petitive examination. 
Mt 


29 

COMPETITIVE  EXAMINATION. 

Papers  and  certificates  required  with  application. —  (1)  Certified 
abstract  from  birth  register  in  duplicate,  or  if  not  procurable,  a  decla- 
ration made  before  a  magistrate;  (2)  a  certificate  of  good  character. 

Subjects. —  (1)  Mathematics:  (2)  grammar  and  composition,  Eng- 
lish or  French;  (3)  geography;  (4)  history,  British  and  Canadian; 
(5)  French;  (6)  Latin;  (7)  geometrical  drawing;  (8)  chemistry; 
(9)  free-hand  drawing. 

Medical  examination. — The  candidate  must  be  medically  examined 
before  admission  to  the  competitive  examination. 

MILITARY     FORCES     OF     THE     SELF-GOVERNING     DOMINIONS     AND     CROWN 

COLONIES. 

General  qualifications. — A  certain  number  of  commissions  are 
granted  each  half  year  to  candidates  from  the  self-governing  domin- 
ions and  Crown  Colonies. 

Candidates  who  fulfill  the  following  conditions  may  be  nominated 
by  the  governor  general  of  a  dominion  or  by  the  secretary  of  state  for 
the  colonies  in  the  case  of  Crown  Colonies.  A  candidate  must: 

(a)  Be  unmarried. 

(5)  Have  attained  the  age  of  20  and  not  have  attained  the  age  of 
25  on  April  1st  if  nominated  in  January,  or  on  October  1st  if  nomi- 
nated in  July. 

(c)  Have  qualified  at  any  army  entrance  examination,  or  have 
passed  one  of  the  examinations  accepted  in  lieu  thereof. 

(d)  Have  served  as  an  officer  in  the  local  forces  of  the  dominion 
or  colony  from  which  he  is  nominated,  and  have  attended  two  annual 
trainings  (each  in  a  distinct  year),  or  have  seen  active  service  in  the 
field.    A  candidate  for  a  commission  in  the  Royal  Artillery  must  be 
an  officer  of  the  artillery. 

(e)  Have  been  attached  to  a  British  regular  unit  or  to  a  unit  of  the 
permanent  military  force  of  the  dominion  or  colony  for  two  con- 
secutive months  at  any  time  after  the  completion  of  his  first  training, 
and  have  obtained  a  satisfactory  report. 

ARMY  ENTRANCE  EXAMINATION. 

To  whom  to  apply  and  date  of  application. — A  candidate  must 
apply  to  his  commanding  officer  at  such  date  as  will  allow  of  the 
application  reaching  the  war  office  not  later  than  April  1st  or 
September  1st  for  a  June  or  November  examination,  respectively. 

Subjects. — Same  as  for  candidates  from  the  special  reserve,  militia, 
or  territorial  force. 

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30 

FROM  THE  RANKS. 

General  qualifications. — A  candidate  for  a  commission  from  the 
ranks:  (1)  Must  be  specially  recommended  by  his  commanding 
officer;  (2)  must  not  be  of  lower  rank  than  corporal;  (3)  must  have 
two  years'  service;  (4)  must  have  a  first-class  certificate  of  education; 
(5)  must  have  a  clear  regimental  conduct  sheet;  (6)  must  be  un- 
married. 

Age. — Must  be  under  26  years  of  age. 

Medical  examination. — A  certificate  from  a  medical  officer  as  to 
fitness  for  service,  at  home  and  abroad  must  be  attached  to  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  commanding  officer. 

General  outline  of  tests  which  must  be  passed. — After  the  candi- 
date's name  has  been  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  State  he  must 
pass  in  subject  (a)  as  laid  down  in  the  King's  Kegulations.  He  is 
then  duly  gazetted,  and  granted  an  outfit  allowance  of  £100. 

XV.   CONCLUSIONS. 
19.  COMPARISON. 

A  study  of  the  various  measures  employed  by  the  several  European 
powers  to  recruit  their  corps  of  active  officers  brings  out  the  following 
points : 

1.  In  the  German  and  English  armies  all  officers  come  from  the 
same  school  or  from  schools  of  similar  rank. 

2.  In  Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  and  Russia  there  exists  to  a  more 
or  less  extent,  as  in  France,  a  certain  dualism  of  origin. 

3.  The  noncommissioned  officers  are  recruited  from  the  inferior 
material  coming  from  military  schools  or  from  those  who  fail  to 
qualify  in  an  officer's  examination. 

4.  All  promote  selected  noncommissioned  officers. 

5.  In    Italy    and   France   the    material    coming    from   the    last- 
mentioned  class  receives  a  training  at  special  schools  before  being 
commissioned. 

RESERVE  OFFICERS. 

In  all  armies  the  officers  for  the  reserve  or  the  third  line  are  re- 
cruited in  practically  the  same  way,  viz :  From  former  officers  of  the 
army  who  are  furloughed,  and  from  special  candidates  who  have 
had  at  least  a  year's  service  with  the  colors  or  at  a  military  school. 
Every  endeavor  is  made  to  get  as  many  reserve  officers  as  possible, 
and,  after  having  these  men  placed  "at  disposal" or  "en  complement," 
a  certain  period  of  training  at  stated  intervals  is  required  of  them  all. 
This  is  absolutely  necessary  as  in  no  other  way  can  they  be  kept  up 
to  a  fairly  high  standard  of  training. 

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Attention  must  be  called  to  the  fact,  however,  that  all  these  officers 
must  be  trained  in  the  same  great  school,  the  active  army  (our  Regu- 
lar Army)  or  under  its  immediate  guidance  and  example. 

20.  REMEDY  AND  RECOMMENDATION. 

While  our  military  system  differs  greatly  from  those  of  other 
nations,  and  our  social  conditions  do  not  provide  us  with  a  ruling 
class,  a  satisfactory  solution  is  nevertheless  possible.  The  fact  that 
our  educational  institutions  provide  us  with  a  class  superior  in  edu- 
cation and  training  to  the  average  citizen  who  enlists  to  make  up 
the  rank  and  file  of  the  Army  makes  it  possible  to  solve  this  problem 
in  a  scientific  manner.  By  taking  advantage  of  this  state  of  affairs, 
we  are  enabled  to  avail  ourselves  of  the  moral  factor  of  superior 
knowledge  and  position  produced  by  education. 

The  possibilities  of  the  system  proposed  are  set  forth  in  a  War  Col- 
lege study  entitled  "  Educational  Institutions  as  a  Source  of  Supply 
of  Officers,"  and,  therefore,  this  phase  of  the  problem  is  not  discussed 
here,  but  a  remedy  is  proposed  by  organizing  legally  in  each  of  these 
institutions  one  or  more  units  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps. 

21.  THE  RESERVE  OFFICERS'  TRAINING  CORPS. 

Object. — The  primary  object  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps 
is  to  provide  reserve  officers  for  the  Regular  Army,  its  reserve  units 
and  the  continental  army,  by  maintaining  at  our  civil  educational 
institutions,  college  and  university,  as  well  as  preparatory,  a  standard 
course  of  military  instruction. 

The  organization  of  a  unit  at  any  educational  institution  must  of 
necessity  be  based  on  agreement  between  the  War  Department  and 
the  institution  itself,  and  a  just  balance  must  be  maintained  between 
the  efforts  of  the  War  Department  to  obtain  these  badly  needed 
trained  officers  and  those  of  the  institutions  to  provide  a  suitable 
academic  training  for  each  matriculate. 

OUTPUT. 

There  are  567  colleges  in  the  country  with  an  enrollment  of  170,000 
male  students,  and  the  probability  of  obtaining  a  large  number  of 
trained  officers  by  means  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps  can  be 
readily  grasped.  Of  these  567  colleges,  62  collegiate  institutions 
have  an  enrollment  in  their  military  departments  of  26,352  students, 
and  those  graduated  in  1915  numbered  5,200.  If  all  of  the  567  could 
be  interested  or  incorporated  in  this  movement  the  annual  output 
might  reach  15,000,  or  about  50  per  cent  of  the  probable  number, 
34,000,  who  are  graduated  each  year. 

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32 

During  the  past  10  years  44,529  young  men  have  been  graduated 
from  collegiate  institutions  maintaining  military  departments,  and 
these  young  men  have  pursued  a  course,  both  practical  and  theoreti- 
cal, which  insures  a  working  knowledge  of  at  least  the  rudiments 
of  military  training.  Since  1912  the  training  has  become  more  in- 
tensive and  the  graduates  under  this  new  system,  numbering  15,323, 
are  now  better  prepared  to  be  officers;  but  it  should  be  remembered 
that  under  the  proposed  system  the  course  would  be  thoroughly 
standardized  and  the  additional  six  months'  service  in  the  Regular 
Army  would  complete  the  training  already  started  in  the  reserve 
officers'  training  corps. 

In  the  past  two  months  a  number  of  universities  of  the  nonmilitary 
type  have  indicated,  through  a  voluntary  movement  on  the  part  of 
the  undergraduates,  the  desire  of  the  students  themselves  to  undergo 
a  course  in  military  training,  and  those  students  have  asked  for  help 
from  the  War  Department. 

The  proposed  training  corps,  therefore,  not  only  reaches  out  to 
include  the  institutions  where  this  willingness  is  manifested  but  it 
also  includes  the  land-grant  institutions,  which  now,  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  act  approved  July  2,  1862,  have  compulsory  military 
training  for  their  male  students.  In  fact,  any  college  or  university 
complying  with  necessary  requirements  can  have  organized  thereat 
a  unit  of  the  corps, 

COMPOSITION. 

In  order  to  provide  for  standardized  training  it  is  thought  best 
to  provide  in  the  law  for  the  organization  of  two  divisions  of  the 
training  corps:  (1)  The  senior  division,  consisting  of  units  organized 
at  colleges  and  universities,  and  (2)  the  junior  division,  organized 
from  units  at  all  other  institutions.  The  preparatory-school  type 
of  institution,  such  as  St.  John's  Manlius,  Culver  Military  Academy. 
Shattuck  School,  St.  John's,  Delafield,  etc.,  is  particularly  well 
adapted  for  the  organization  of  a  unit  of  the  junior  division. 

It  is  intended  that  the  junior  division  shall  act  as  a  feeder  for  the 
senior  division.  The  majority  of  students  who  are  now  receiving 
instruction  in  military  schools  of  the  preparatory  type  go  to  some 
college. 

A  large  number,  however,  from  the  public  and  grammar  schools 
of  the  country  undertake  a  college  education,  and  if  provision  be 
made  for  such  institutions  the  efficiency  of  the  senior  division  of  the 
corps  will  be  enhanced.  For  this  reason  it  is  believed  that  the  junior 
division  is  an  absolute  necessity;  first,  with  the  idea  of  providing 
a  center  for  elementary  military  instruction,  and,  second,  to  make 
use  of  these  useful  preparatory  instructions. 

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In  order  to  provide  officers  for  the  several  branches  of  the  service, 
the  organization  of  training  corps  units  of  infantry,  cavalry,  field 
artillery,  engineers,  sanitary,  and  signal  units  will  be  necessary.  A 
carefully  prepared  system  of  instruction  has  been  laid  out  so  as  not 
to  duplicate  in  the  senior  division  the  work  given  in  the  junior 
division.  When  cadets  join  the  senior  division  a  certain  number  of 
credits  will  be  given  to  enable  this  transfer  to  be  made  on  a  just 
and  sound  basis. 

INSTRUCTION. 

The  instruction  laid  down  for  cadets,  until  organizations  other 
than  infantry  are  formed,  should  include  the  following:  (later 
schedules  of  instruction  for  cavalry,  field  artillery,  etc.,  will  have  to 
be  prepared.) 

SENIOR  DIVISION. 

Subjects : 

1.  Infantry  Drill  Regulations   (theoretical  and  practical),  school  of  the 

soldier,  school  of  the  squad,  school  of  the  company,  and  school  of 
the  battalion. 

2.  Manual  of  Guard  Duty. 

3.  Field  Service  Regulations :  Service  of  information,  service  of  security, 

marches,  shelter,  and  orders. 

4.  Tables  of  organization,  to  include  the  (company)  regiment. 

5.  Small  Arms  Firing  Regulations :  Theoretical  principles,  estimating  dis- 

tances, and  target  practice. 

6.  Military  Law  (Manual  of  Courts-Martial). 

7.  Topography :  Map  reading  and  road  and  position  sketching. 

8.  Troop  leading. 

9.  Military  policy  and  military  history. 

10.  Military  hygiene. 

11.  Field  engineering. 

JTJNIOB  DIVISION. 

Subjects : 

1.  Infantry  Drill  Regulations  (practical). 

2.  Manual  of  Guard  Duty. 

3.  Physical  drill. 

4.  Military  hygiene. 

5.  Visual  signaling. 

6.  Bayonet  exercises  and  bayonet  combat. 

7.  Military  history. 

8.  Small-arms  firing  (practical). 

9.  Camping  and  camping  expedients. 

CAMPS. 

To  afford  practical  experience  for  cadets  of  both  divisions  the  ini- 
tiation of  a  scheme  for  a  number  of  camps  should  be  required,  espe- 
cially at  the  institutions  during  the  academic  year.  This  will  also  en- 
able the  cadets  of  the  senior  divisions  to  obtain  practical  training 

529 


34 

with  troops ;  it  being  a  well-known  maxim  that  no  school  can  provide 
so  efficient  a  method  of  practical  instruction  for  an  officer  as  duty 
at  the  head  of  his  unit. 

Every  opportunity  should  be  given  these  units  to  serve  at  the  side 
of  organizations  of  the  Regular  Army,  and  with  this  end  in  view  the 
law  has  been  drawn  to  provide  for  this  contingency. 

It  will  be  found  necessary  to  provide  Federal  funds  for  the  pur- 
pose of  transporting  members  of  the  reserve  corps  to  and  from  camps 
of  instruction,  as  well  as  to  provide  for  their  messing  while  in  attend- 
ance thereat.  A  number  of  different  suggestions  have  been  made  rela- 
tive to  this  important  matter ;  but  the  principle  that  some  provision 
must  be  made  for  these  items  of  expense  for  the  student  is  most 
apparent,  and  should  be  provided  for  by  a  definite  amount  of  money 
appropriated  for  this  purpose. 

CONTROL  OF  INSTRUCTION. 

It  is  manifest  that  each  unit  should  be  trained  by  its  own  officers 
under  the  supervision  and  guidance  of  the  officer  detailed  at  the  in- 
stitution. Experience  gained  from  numerous  inspections  at  various 
institutions  shows  that  at  least  one  officer  of  the  Army  should  be 
assigned  to  every  400  cadets  enrolled  in  the  military  department  of 
the  institutions. 

The  detail  of  noncommissioned  officers  at  a  number  of  institutions 
has  shown  that  the  services  of  suitable  men  can  be  utilized  to  great 
advantage.  They  have  been  valuable  as  armorers,  instructors  in 
small-arms  practice,  and  to  assist  the  professor  of  military  science 
and  tactics  detailed  thereat  in  many  other  ways. 

Provision  is  therefore  made  in  the  proposed  act  for  the  detail  and 
assignment,  of  not  to  exceed  500,  for  duty  with  units  of  the  reserve 
officers'  training  corps.  The  duty  required  of  these  enlisted  men  will 
be  analogous  to  that  now  performed  by  noncommissioned  officers 
detailed  with  the  Organized  Militia. 

Harmonious  and  coordinate  control  by  the  General  Staff  of  the 
Army  should  exist,  so  as  to  assure  standardization  and  also  arrange 
for  a  proper  flow  of  officers  into  the  reserve  corps  from  this  reser- 
voir. 

CONDITIONS  OF  SERVICE. 

It  should  be  clearly  understood  that  cadets  of  the  reserve  officers' 
training  corps  are  not,  as  such,  liable  for  active  service;  but  their 
duty  consists  in  undergoing  training  laid  down  for  them  upon  entry 
into  the  unit. 

University  and  school  authorities  should  retain  the  ordinary  pow- 
ers of  supervision  and  discipline,  and  it  should  be  made  clear  to  all 
that  the  maintenance  of  a  high  standard  of  discipline  is  needed  to 

529 


35 

assist  in  turning  out  efficient  officers  at  the  end  of  the  training  pre- 
scribed for  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps. 

In  providing  for  the  organization  of  a  unit  or  units  at  any  insti- 
tution the  number  of  students  guaranteed  under  instruction  should 
be  a  minimum  of  100,  while  the  minimum  age  of  13  years  is  provided 
for  in  the  law,  so  as  to  include  the  youngest  student  in  the  prepara- 
tory type  of  institution.  Upon  enrollment  as  a  member  of  the  corps 
a  distinctive  badge  should  be  worn,  showing  that  the  student  is  being 
trained  for  a  commission  as  a  reserve  officer  of  the  national  forces. 

Upon  reaching  the  time  for  graduation  the  trained  student  should 
then  be  given  a  temporary  commission  as  an  additional  second  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Regular  Army  and  undergo  an  intensive  course  of 
training  as  an  officer,  thus  fitting  him  for  assignment  to  duty  with 
units  of  the  reserve  army  or  with  the  continental  army.  If  a  profes- 
sional man,  while  a  reserve  officer,  desires  to  move  to  any  particular 
part  of  the  country,  a  transfer  as  an  officer  to  a  reserve  formation 
of  the  Regular  Army  or  to  a  unit  of  the  continental  army  organized 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  locality  in  which  he  is  required  by  his  profes- 
sion to  locate  can  be  easily  accomplished. 

Before  entering  upon  his  six  months'  training  each  reserve  officer 
should  be  required  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  obligate  himself 
to  serve  for  10  years  as  a  reserve  officer  unless  otherwise  discharged 
by  proper  authority.  This  six  months'  service,  which  is  in  addition 
to  his  reserve  service,  is  really  a  probationary  term,  which  should 
enable  his  superior  officers  to  determine  whether  or  not  he  should  be 
retained  as  a  reserve  officer,  and  if  so,  what  grade  he  should  be  given. 
This  provision  has  another  advantage  in  that  it  will  provide  a  cer- 
tain number  of  officers  for  duty  with  Regular  troops  and  to  some 
extent  counteract  the  effect  of  too  much  detached  service  for  Regular 
officers,  which  will  undoubtedly  be  quite  large  when  it  comes  to  or- 
ganizing and  training  the  proposed  continental  army  units.  This 
prevents  a  depletion  of  commissioned  personnel  serving  with  the 
Regular  forces  for  at  least  six  months  of  the  year. 

Briefly  stated,  a  boy  who  is  13  years  of  age  will  enter  the  junior 
division  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps,  pass  through  the 
course  of  instruction  required,  including  such  camps  as  may  be  pro- 
vided, either  at  the  institution  or  at  some  selected  place  during  the 
summer  vacation,  and  at  the  age  probably  of  18  years  pass  into  the 
senior  division.  Here  he  remains  for  a  definite  period  of  from  two 
to  four  years,  and  attends  such  camps  as  may  be  required  of  him 
during  that  period  of  training.  Upon  graduation,  if  found  qualified, 
he  acquires  the  status  of  a  reserve  officer  and  becomes  a  temporary 
additional  second  lieutenant  for  the  period  of  six  months,  and  if 
qualified,  after  undergoing  this  intensive  course  of  instruction  and 
training,  he  is  assigned  with  definite  rank  to  the  reserve  officers'  train- 

029 


36 

ing  corps  and  to  such  duty  as  the  War  Department  may  consider 
necessary. 

Exception. — It  may  be  found  that  there  will  be  members  of  the 
junior  division  who  will  have  reached  an  age  of  approximately  19 
years  upon  graduation  from  the  preparatory  school  and  from  its 
training-corps  unit,  and  for  this  reason  some  steps  should  be  taken 
to  make  use  of  this  material,  especially  if  they  have  undergone  a 
special  course  of  instruction,  have  qualified  and  been  pronounced 
proficient  by  the  officer  detailed  with  the  unit  at  the  institution. 
Proficiency  in  all  subjects  required  for  graduation  from  the  senior 
division  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps  should  be  assured  by 
examination,  both  practical  and  theoretical.  Exceptional  cases  will 
undoubtedly  exist,  and  each  one  should  be  decided  upon  its  own 
merits,  because  it  is  believed  that  the  large  majority  of  these  young 
men  in  the  junior  division  are  too  immature  and  have  not  sufficient 
academic  or  military  training  to  be  safely  commissioned  as  reserve 
officers. 

ADVANTAGES  OF  THE   SYSTEM. 

The  main  advantage  of  the  proposed  system  is  based  on  the  fact 
that  it  makes  use  of  existing  agencies  and  the  cadet  units  as  they 
now  stand,  organized  under  the  provisions  of  section  1225,  Revised 
Statutes.  No  extra  expenses  will  be  needed  for  their  organization, 
but  under  the  patriotic  directorship  of  experienced  schoolmen  who 
have  been  in  this  business  for  a  number  of  years  the  corps  unques- 
tionably will  expand  and  increase  in  efficiency. 

To  the  youth  of  the  country  whose  parents  are  financially  able  to 
support  their  children  at  school  and  college  the  system  offers  a 
decided  benefit,  not  only  from  a  physical  standpoint  and  from  the 
viewpoint  of  training  a  young  man  to  perform  his  duties  as  a  citizen 
in  time  of  great  national  stress,  but  also  because  his  future  economic 
efficiency  will  be  increased  thereby. 

A  military  training  is  most  valuable  educationally,  because  it  not 
only  quickens  the  mind,  but  also  hardens  the  body.  It  seems  but 
logical  that  parents  would  be  pleased  to  have  their  sons  undergo 
such  training,  not  only  in  the  junior  division,  but  also  that  laid 
down  for  the  senior  division.  This  for  the  reason  that  the  conditions 
as  to  future  active  service  do  not  apply  during  service  in  the  training 
corps,  and  no  training  corps  unit  could  be  called  upon  for  war 
service.  In  addition,  this  training  takes  a  young  man  before  he  has 
embarked  on  his  life's  profession,  and  therefore  from  an  economical 
standpoint,  when  he  is  best  able  to  receive  preliminary  training  at 
this  time,  especially  if  he  does  not  intend  to  take  up  a  military 
career.  In  any  event  the  physical  and  mental  discipline  obtained 
will  be  a  valuable  asset  in  his  future  career. 

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COMPARISON   WITH  THE   ENGLISH   OFFICERS*  TRAINING   CORPS. 

It  will  be  of  interest  to  compare  results  obtained  under  a  system 
somewhat  similar  to  the  one  proposed,  which  has  been  in  existence 
in  Great  Britain  since  1908. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  in  August,  1914,  6,322  men  of  the 
officers'  training  corps  were  gazetted  for  duty  in  the  newly  formed 
units  of  the  Kitchener  Army.  From  August,  1914,  to  March,  1915. 
20,577  were  appointed  officers  and,  in  addition,  12,290  served  in  the 
ranks  of  the  new  army. 

When  it  is  considered  that  the  total  number  of  colleges  is  far 
below  the  number  in  existence  in  the  United  States  and  the  number 
of  students  very  much  less,  it  is  clear  that  there  exists  in  this  country 
a  source  for  such  officers  not  excelled  in  any  other. 

A  number  of  reports  have  been  received  as  to  the  usefulness  and 
efficiency  of  these  officers  who  were  trained  in  the  British  officers' 
training  corps  before  and  during  the  early  part  of  the  present  war. 
Many  suggestions  have  been  made  looking  toward  an  improvement 
of  this  corps  for  the  future,  and  among  the  most  prominent  are  the 
following : 

*  *  *  On  the  principle,  therefore,  of  striking  while  the  iron  is  hot,  I  urge 
that  our  first  act  of  peace  be  to  make  membership  of  the  officers'  training  corps 
compulsory  on  all  members  of  schools  and  universities.  There  are  other  rea- 
sons for  this  step,  and  the  chief  of  them  is  discipline.  The  officers'  training 
corps  is  purely  an  instructional  and  not  a  fighting  force;  compulsion  to  serve 
can  meet  with  none  of  the  objections  which  might  possibly  be  urged  against 
compulsion  to  fight.  It  is  a  hopeless  travesty  of  discipline,  and  all  that  it 
implies,  to  put  into  the  hands  of  boys  and  very  young  men  the  power  to  resign 
a  duty  out  of  pique  or  because  the  work  appears  irksome.  However  successful 
an  officers'  training  corps,  however  full  its  ranks,  its  discipline  can  never  be 
truly  of  the  military  type  if  members  feel  that  the  key  to  any  difficult  situation 
is  in  their  hands  and  not  in  the  keeping  of  their  officers.  If  the  last  word  is 
allowed  to  remain  with  the  embryo  soldier,  he  is  learning  the  worst  possible 
lesson  he  can  learn  and  one  that  goes  far  to  destroy  any  benefit  he  may  other- 
wise have  gathered  from  his  apprenticeship.  With  men  of  mature  age  and  with 
the  honor  of  the  regiment,  permanent  and  not  ephemeral,  in  their  thoughts,  this 
danger  is  not  so  acute.  Nevertheless,  it  is  a  very  real  argument  against  any 
form  of  voluntary  service,  and  unanswerable,  unless  the  inducements  to  con- 
tinue to  serve  are  such  as  to  outweigh  any  temporary  temptation  "  to  get  one's 
own  back." 

There  is,  too,  another  strong  reason  for  making  membership  of  the  officers' 
training  corps  compulsory,  and  that  is  to  assure  that  there  will  be  large  num- 
bers from  which  to  make  choice  of  officers.  Under  the  voluntary  system  some 
of  the  very  best  men  and  boys  are  lost,  and  the  more  numerous  the  interests 
of  the  individual  and  the  more  capably  they  are  fostered  the  greater  the  temp- 
tation to  shirk  his  more  obvious  duty.  I  am  not  amongst  those,  if  any  such 
exist,  who  consider  that  training  in  an  officers'  training  corps  necessarily  pro- 
duces an  officer.  There  are  some  men  who  will  never  make  leaders,  and  the 
opportunity  must  exist  to  choose  only  those  who  have  the  natural  aptitude  as 

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38 

well  as  the  special  training.  Methods  adopted  perforce  in  the  midst  of  a 
tremendous  war  will  naturally  give  place  in  peace  time  to  more  reasoned  judg- 
ment and  keener  discrimination.  This  will  not  be  possible  unless  there  are 
numbers — big  numbers — to  choose  from.  If  the  position  of  officers  is  made 
really  difficult  of  attainment  in  all  except  the  pecuniary  way,  the  greater  will  be 
the  competition  to  enjoy  it.  Once  establish  such  a  situation,  as  may  easily  be 
done  in  the  after-enthusiasm  of  the  war,  and  the  problem  of  officering  the 
special  reserve  and  territorial  force  in  peace  time  will  no  longer  be  a  problem 
at  all,  always  providing  that  such  officers  are  treated  with  the  honor  and 
privileges  which  their  place  deserves.  *  *  * 

The  principle  laid  down  above  has  been  found  to  be  sound  by 
officers  who,  in  the  past  few  years,  have  been  engaged  in  the  inspec- 
tion of  cadet  units  at  our  civil  educational  institutions,  and  they  have 
recommended  accordingly.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  recom- 
mendation is  sound  and  confirmed  by  actual  war  experience  in 
England. 

If  this  last  suggestion  be  carried  out  at  institutions  at  which  an 
officer  of  the  Army  is  detailed,  there  need  never  be  any  anxiety  rela- 
tive to  furnishing  the  immense  number  of  officers — about  60,000 — 
needed  for  our  next  great  war. 

The  training  required  for  reserve  officers  is  discussed  in  the  War 
College  study  on  "  The  Training  and  Uses  of  the  Proposed  Officers' 
Reserve  Corps." 

For  convenience  of  reference  a  draft  of  the  provisions  creating 
the  proposed  officers'  reserve  corps  is  appended  hereto. 

No  more  important  a  subject  than  this  can  be  brought  up  for  dis- 
cussion, and  none  is  of  greater  interest.  The  soul  of  the  Army  rests 
in  its  officers,  and  a  standardization  of  the  character  and  training 
of  this  class  should  be  assured  above  all  things.  Hence,  the  Regular 
Army  should  form  the  sole  exemplar  and  guide,  and  the  best  material 
in  its  corps  of  officers  should  serve  as  instructors  for  reserve  officers. 


APPENDIX  A. 

OFFICERS'  RESERVE  CORPS. 

For  the  purpose  of  securing  a  reserve  of  officers  available  for  service  as  tem- 
porary officers  in  the  Regular  Army  as  provided  for  in  this  act,  and  in  section 
8  of  the  act  approved  April  25,  1914,  as  officers  for  recruit  rendezvous  and 
depots,  and  as  officers  of  volunteers,  there  shall  be  organized,  under  such  rules 
and  regulations  as  the  President  may  prescribe,  not  inconsistent  with  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act,  an  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  is  authorized  to  appoint  and  commission, 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  reserve  officers  in  all  grades 
up  to  and  including  the  grade  of  major,  such  citizens  of  the  United  States  as 
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39 

upon  examination  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  are  found  physically, 
mentally,  and  morally  qualified  to  hold  such  commission,  the  persons  so  com- 
missioned to  constitute  and  be  known  as  the  reserve  corps  of  the  several  arms, 
corps,  or  departments  in  which  they  may  be  found  qualified  and  commissioned 
by  the  President. 

All  persons  now  carried  as  duly  qualified  and  registered,  pursuant  to  section 
23  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  January  21,  1903,  shall,  for  a  period  of  three 
years  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  be  eligible  for  appointment  in  the  Officers' 
Reserve  Corps  in  the  arm,  corps,  or  department,  for  which  they  shall  have  been 
found  qualified  without  further  examination,  except  the  physical  examination, 
subject  to  the  limitations  as  to  age  and  rank  herein  prescribed. 

Commissions  duly  issued  by  the  President  to  officers  of  the  officers'  reserve 
corps  shall  be  in  force  for  a  period  of  five  years  unless  terminated  in  the  discre- 
tion of  the  President ;  such  officers  may  be  recommissioned  either  in  the  same 
or  higher  grade  for  a  consecutive  period  of  five  years,  subject  to  such  examina- 
tions and  qualifications  as  the  President  may  prescribe. 

Officers  of  the  officers'  reserve  corps  shall  have  rank  therein  in  the  various 
arms,  corps,  and  departments  of  said  reserve  corps  according  to  grades  and  to 
length  of  service  in  their  respective  grades,  and  when  employed  on  active  duty 
shall  rank  next  after  all  officers  of  same  grades  in  the  Regular  Army  and  above 
all  of  the  same  grades  in  the  Organized  Militia  and  Volunteers. 

When  a  volunteer  force  is  authorized  the  Secretary  of  War  may  order 
officers  of  the  reserve  corps,  subject  to  such  subsequent  physical  examinations 
as  he  may  prescribe, ,  to  temporary  duty  with  the  Regular  Army  in  grades 
thereof  which  can  not,  for  the  time  being,  be  filled  by  promotion  as  officers  in 
volunteer  organizations,  as  officers  of  recruit  rendezvous  and  depots  in  such 
numbers  as  may  be  authorized  by  law.  While  such  reserve  officers  are  on  such 
service  they  shall,  by  virture  of  their  commission  as  reserve  officers,  exercise 
command  appropriate  to  their  grade  and  rank  in  the  organization  to  which 
they  are  assigned  and  shall  be  entitled  to  the  pay  and  allowances  of  the  corre- 
sponding grades  in  the  Regular  Army  with  increase  of  pay  for  length  of  service 
as  now  allowed  by  law  for  officers  in  the  Regular  Army,  to  be  computed  on 
active  duty  only  from  the  date  upon  which  they  are  required  by  the  terms  of 
their  order  to  obey  the  same.  Officers  of  the  reserve  corps  shall  not  be  entitled 
to  retirement  or  retired  pay  and  shall  be  entitled  to  pension  only  for  dis- 
ability incurred  in  the  line  of  duty  and  while  in  active  service. 

To  the  extent  provided  for  from  time  to  time  by  appropriations  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  is  authorized  to  order  reserve  officers  to  duty  with  troops  or  at 
field  exercises  for  periods  not  to  exceed  two  weeks  in  any  one  calendar  year, 
and  while  so  serving  such  officers  shall  receive  the  pay  and  allowances  of  their 
grade.  With  the  consent  of  such  officers  the  Secretary  of  War  is  authorized 
to  prolong  this  period  or  to  order  them  for  duty  on  boards  or  for  consultation 
or  advice  to  the  extent  justified  by  the  amount  appropriated  and  the  public 
needs. 

After  all  officers  of  the  reserve  corps  of  any  arm,  corps,  or  department  have 
been  called  into  active  duty  nothing  should  be  construed  to  prevent  the  appoint- 
ment of  other  officers  of  Volunteers  in  such  arms,  corps,  or  departments  in  such 
numbers  and  with  such  rank  and  pay  as  may  be  provided  by  law,  nor  should 
anything  be  construed  to  prevent  the  commission  of  any  officer  of  the  Regular 
Army  as  an  officer  of  Volunteers  before  all  the  officers  of  the  reserve  corps 
have  been  utilized. 

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APPENDIX  B. 

Uan.27, 1916.] 

A  BILL  To  establish  a  reserve  officers'  training  corps. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  sufficient 
reserve  of  officers  for  the  military  forces  of  the  United  States  the  President  is 
hereby  authorized  to  establish  and  maintain  in  civil  educational  institutions  a 
reserve  officers'  training  corps  which  shall  consist  of  a  senior  division  organized 
at  universities  and  colleges  requiring  four  years  of  collegiate  study  for  a  degree, 
including  those  State  institutions  that  are  required  to  provide  instruction  in 
military  tactics  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  second,  eight- 
een hundred  and  sixty-two,  donating  lands  for  the  establishment  of  colleges 
where  the  leading  object  shall  be  the  practical  instruction  of  the  industrial 
classes  in  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  including  military  tactics,  and  a 
junior  division  organized  at  all  other  public  or  private  educational  institutions, 
and  each  division  shall  consist  of  units  of  the  several  arms  or  corps  in  such 
number  and  of  such  strength  as  the  President  may  prescribe. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  President  may,  upon  the  application  of  any  State  institution 
described  in  section  one  of  this  act,  establish  and  maintain  at  such  institution 
one  or  more  units  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps:  Provided,  That  no 
such  unit  shall  be  established  or  maintained  at  any  such  institution  at  which 
an  officer  of  the  Army  is  not  detailed  as  professor  of  military  science  and 
tactics  or  at  any  such  institution  which  does  not  maintain  under  military 
instruction  at  least  one  hundred  physically  fit  male  students. 

SEC.  3.  That  the  President  may,  upon  the  application  of  any  established 
educational  institution  in  the  United  States  other  than  a  State  institution 
described  in  section  one  of  this  act,  the  authorities  of  which  agree  to  establish 
and  maintain  a  two-years'  elective  or  compulsory  course  of  military  training 
as  a  minimum  for  its  physically  fit  male  students,  which  course  when  entered 
upon  by  any  student  shall,  as  regards  such  student,  be  a  prerequisite  for 
graduation,  establish  and  maintain  at  such  institution  one  or  more  units  of 
the  reserve  officers'  training  corps :  Provided,  That  no  such  unit  shall  be  estab- 
lished or  maintained  at  any  such  institution  at  which  an  officer  of  the  Army 
is  not  detailed  as  professor  of  military  science  and  tactics,  or  at  any  such 
institution  which  does  not  maintain  under  military  instruction  at  least  one 
hundred  physically  fit  male  students. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby  authorized  to  prescribe  standard 
courses  of  theoretical  and  practical  military  training  for  units  of  the  reserve 
officers'  training  corps,  and  no  unit  of  the  senior  division  shall  be  organized  or 
maintained  at  any  educational  institution  the  authorities  of  which  fail  or 
neglect  to  adopt  into  their  curriculum  the  prescribed  courses  of  military 
training  for  the  senior  division  or  to  devote  at  least  an  average  of  five  hours 
per  week  per  academic  year  to  such  military  training ;  and  no  unit  of  the  junior 
division  shall  be  organized  or  maintained  at  any  educational  institution  the 
authorities  of  which  fail  or  neglect  to  adopt  into  their  curriculum  the  prescribed 
courses  of  military  training  for  the  junior  division  or  to  devote  at  least  an 
average  of  three  hours  per  week  per  academic  year  to  such  military  training. 

SEC.  5.  Eligibility  to  membership  in  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps  shall 
be  limited  to  students  of  institutions  in  which  units  of  such  corps  may  be  estab- 
lished who  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  or  have  legally  declared  their 
intention  to  become  such,  who  are  over  thirteen  years  of  age,  and  whose  bodily 
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41 

condition  indicates  that  they  are  physically  fit  to  perform  military  duty  or  will 
be  so  upon  arrival  at  military  age. 

SEC.  6.  That  the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  detail  such  numbers  of 
officers  of  the  Army,  either  active  or  retired,  not  above  the  grade  of  colonel, 
as  may  be  necessary,  for  duty  as  professors  and  assistant  professors  of  mili- 
tary science  and  tactics  at  institutions  where  one  or  more  units  of  the  reserve 
officers'  training  corps  are  maintained;  but  the  total  number  of  active  officers 
so  detailed  at  educational  institutions  shall  not  exceed  three  hundred,  and 
no  active  officer  shall  be  so  detailed  who  has  not  had  five  years'  commissioned 
service  in  the  Army.  Retired  officers  shall  not  be  detailed  under  the  provisions 
of  this  section  without  their  consent.  Retired  officers  below  the  grade  of 
lieutenant  colonel  so  detailed  shall  receive  the  full  pay  and  allowances  of 
their  grade,  and  retired  officers  above  the  grade  of  major  so  detailed  shall 
receive  the  same  pay  and  allowances  as  a  retired  major  would  receive  under 
a  like  detail.  No  detail  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  extend  for 
more  than  four  years. 

SEC.  7.  That  the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  detail  for  duty  at  institu- 
tions where  one  or  more  units  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps  are  main- 
tained such  number  of  enlisted  men,  either  active  or  retired,  as  he  may 
deem  necessary,  but  the  number  of  active  noncommissioned  officers  so  detailed 
shall  not  exceed  five  hundred,  and  all  active  noncommissioned  officers  so 
detailed  shall  be  additional  in  their  respective  grades  to  those  otherwise 
authorized  for  the  Army.  Retired  enlisted  men  shall  not  be  detailed  under 
the  provisions  of  this  section  without  their  consent.  While  so  detailed  they 
shall  receive  active  pay  and  allowances. 

SEC.  8.  That  the  Secretary  of  War,  under  such  regulations  as  he  may 
prescribe,  is  hereby  authorized  to  issue  to  institutions  at  which  one  or  more 
units  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps  are  maintained,  such  public 
animals,  arms,  uniforms,  equipment,  and  means  of  transportation  as  he  may  deem 
necessary,  and  to  forage  at  the  expense  of  the  United  States  public  animals 
so  issued.  He  shall  require  from  each  institution  to  which  property  of  the 
United  States  is  issued,  a  bond  in  the  value  of  the  property  issued  for  the  care 
and  safe-keeping  thereof,  and  for  its  return  when  required. 

SEC.  9.  That  the  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby  authorized  to  maintain  camps  for 
the  further  practical  instruction  of  the  members  of  the  reserve  officers'  training 
corps,  no  such  camps  to  be  maintained  for  a  period  longer  than  six  weeks  ex- 
cept in  time  of  war  or  when  war  is  imminent ;  to  transport  members  of  such 
corps  to  and  from  such  camps  at  the  expense  of  the  United  States  so  far  as  ap- 
propriations will  permit ;  to  subsist  them  at  the  expense  of  the  United  States 
while  traveling  to  and  from  such  camps  and  while  remaining  therein  so  far  as 
appropriations  will  permit;  to  use  the  Regular  Army,  the  continental  army, 
and  such  Government  property  as  he  may  deem  necessary  for  the  military 
training  of  the  members  of  such  corps  while  in  attendance  at  such  camps;  to 
prescribe  regulations  for  the  government  of  such  corps,  and  to  authorize,  in  his 
discretion,  the  formation  of  company  units  thereof  into  battalion  and  regi- 
mental units. 

SEC.  10.  That  the  President  alone,  under  such  regulations  as  he  may  pre- 
scribe, is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  as  a  reserve  officer,  any  graduate  of  the 
senior  division  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps,  or  any  graduate  of  the 
junior  division,  who  shall  have  satisfactorily  completed  the  courses  of  military 
training  prescribed  for  the  senior  division  and  participated  in  such  practical 
instruction  as  the  Secretary  of  War  may  prescribe  subsequent  to  graduation  and 
who  is  twenty-one  years  of  age  and  shall  agree,  under  oath  in  writing,  to  serve 
the  United  States  in  the  capacity  of  a  reserve  officer  of  the  Army  during  a 
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42 

period  of  at  least  ten  years  from  the  date  of  his  appointment  as  such  reserve 
officer,  unless  sooner  discharged  by  proper  authority,  but  the  total  number 
of  reserve  officers  so  appointed  shall  not  exceed  fifty  thousand :  And  provided, 
That  any  graduate  of  the  senior  division  of  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps 
undergoing  a  postgraduate  course  at  any  institutions  shall  not  be  eligible  for 
appointment  as  a  reserve  officer  while  undergoing  such  postgraduate  course, 
but  his  ultimate  eligibility  upon  completion  of  such  postgraduate  course  for 
such  appointment  shall  not  be  affected  because  of  his  having  undergone  such 
postgraduate  course. 

SEC.  11.  That  when  any  member  of  the  senior  division  of  the  reserve  officers' 
training  corps  has  completed  two  academic  years  of  service  in  that  division,  and 
has  been  selected  for  further  training  by  the  president  of  the  institution  and 
by  its  professor  of  military  science  and  tactics,  and  has  agreed  in  writing  to 
continue  in  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps  for  the  remainder  of  his  course  in 
the  institution,  including  such  camp  training  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  the 
Secretary  of  War,  he  may  be  furnished  at  the  expense  of  the  United  States 
with  commutation  of  subsistence  at  such  rate,  not  exceeding  the  cost  of  the 
garrison  ration  prescribed  for  the  Army,  as  may  be  fixed  by  the  Secretary  of 
War,  during  the  remainder  of  his  service  in  the  reserve  officers'  training  corps. 

SEC.  12.  That  any  physically  fit  male  citizen  of  the  United  States  between 
the  ages  of  twenty-one  and  twenty-seven  years  who  shall  have  graduated  prior 
to  the  date  of  this  act  from  any  educational  institution  at  which  an  officer  of 
the  Army  was  detailed  as  professor  of  military  science  and  tactics,  and  who 
while  a  student  at  such  institution  completed  courses  of  military  training  under 
the  direction  of  such  professor  of  military  science  and  tactics  substantially 
equivalent  to  those  prescribed  pursuant  to  this  act  for  the  senior  division, 
shall,  after  satisfactorily  completing  such  additional  practical  military  train- 
ing as  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  prescribe,  be  eligible  for  appointment  as  a 
reserve  officer  and  as  a  temporary  additional  second  lieutenant  in  accordance 
with  the  terms  of  this  act. 

SEC.  13.  That  the  President  alone  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  and  com- 
mission as  a  temporary  second  lieutenant  of  the  Regular  Army  for  a  period 
of  at  least  six  months,  with  the  allowances  now  provided  by  law  for  that 
grade,  but  with  pay  at  the  rate  of  $100  per  month,  any  reserve  officer 
appointed  pursuant  to  this  act,  and  to  attach  him  to  a  unit  of  the  Regular 
Army  for  duty  and  training  during  the  period  covered  by  his  appointment  as 
such  temporary  second  lieutenant,  and  upon  the  expiration  of  such  service  with 
the  Regular  Army  such  officer  shall  revert  to  his  stafeus  as  a  reserve  officer. 

SEC.  14.  That  no  reserve  officer  or  temporary  second  lieutenant  appointed 
pursuant  to  this  act  shall  be  entitled  to  retirement  or  to  retired  pay,  and  shall 
be  eligible  for  pension  only  for  disability  incurred  in  line  of  duty  in  active 
service  or  while  serving  with  the  Regular  Army  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of 
this  act. 

SEC.  15.  That  in  time  of  war  the  President  may  order  reserve  officers  ap- 
pointed under  the  provisions  of  this  act  to  active  duty  with  any  of  the  military 
forces  of  the  United  States  in  any  grades  not  below  that  of  second  lieuenant, 
and  while  on  active  duty  they  shall  be  subject  to  the  Rules  and  Articles  of  War. 

SEC.  16.  All  laws  or  parts  of  laws  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this  act 
are  hereby  repealed. 
529 


43 

APPENDIX  G. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Les  Corps  d'Officers  des  Principales,  Armies  Europ6ennes,  Francfort. 
Les  Anne's  des  Principales  Puissances. 

L'Officer  Le  Haut  Commandement  et  ses  aides  en  Russie,  Poirer. 
L'Officer  Le  Haut  Commandement  et  ses  aides  en  Allemange,  Poirer. 
The  King's  Regulations — English  War  Office. 
Reports  of  Observers  in  European  War.  1914-15. 
529 

o 


. 

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ll 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


